This is the lowest-yielding grape variety. In the Rhone Valley, dry wines are made from it and the Chateau Grillet are the finest and most famous wines of the Rhone.

• Boucher
  Petit Boucher and Gros Boucher are varieties that have been crossed with Teinturier and the prolific but colorless Aramon.
• Biancone
  Corsican white grapes.
• Vaccarese
  A red grape found in the Rhone Valley, this variety is used to make Châteauneuf du Pape.
• Verdelle
  Portuguese grape variety, from which Port wine is produced.
• Verdes
  A white grape found in Western France in the Dauphiné region.
• Verdiso
  
• Verdo
  A red grape used to make ordinary Bordeaux wines.

  Chenin Blanc - got its name from the Mont Chenin mountain in Touraine. This variety contains a large number of natural sugar, has good acidity and thin skin. It is used in the production of sweet and sparkling wines, as well as for some dry ones.

• Verduzzo
  White grapes from the northeastern region of Italy.
• Vernaccia
  An Italian white grape, this variety is used to make the Vernaccia di San Gimignano wine.
• 
  A white grape found in the north of the Rhone Valley. Only this variety is used to make Condré and Chateau Grillet wines, and in small quantities, together with the Syrah grape, is used to make Cote du Rhône.
• Viura
  A white grape that grows in northern Spain in Rioja.
• Genove (Genovese)
  Italian white grapes grow in Corsica.
• Dolcetto
  Italian red grape from Piedmont. This variety produces soft, red Dolcetto wines.
• Dos Noir (Dolchet Nero)
  A red grape native to Savoy and Switzerland.
• Garganega
  White grapes from the vicinity of Verona, used together with Trebbiano for the production of Soave wines.

  Grenache
  Chateauneuf du Pape, Travel and many others are made from this grape variety. Grenache produces wines with high content alcohol that must be blended with other varieties. Port wine and light rosé wines are produced from it.

• Gars Levelu
  Hungarian white grapes. Used together with Amber Muscat and Fumint to make Tokay.
• Gewurztraminer
  This variety produces the spicy, aromatic wines that bear its name in Germany and Alsace. This grape grows in Italy, California, Australia and South Africa.
• Grenache
  This variety in the Rhone Valley is an important ingredient in Châteauneuf-du-Pape wine. Rose wines are made from it, and in the south-west of France, sweet fortified wine... It grows in Spain, southern France, North Africa and California.
• Grillo
  Sicilian white grape, found in Marsala.
• GrignolinoAn Italian red grape found in Piedmont and California.
• Grolo
  Red grapes from the Loire Valley.
• Gropello
  Red grapes from Lombardy.
• Gro Plan
  French white grapes from the Loire region. This variety also grows in California, where sparkling wines are obtained from it.

  Merlot
  The most valuable grape variety in Bordeaux. It is the main variety that is part of Сhateau Petrus, the most best brand Pomerol.
  It makes wines with a pleasant, fruit flavor... Merlot gives wines a luxurious shade and velvety.

• Gruner Feltliner
  A white grape, native to Austria, Italy, and small numbers in California.
• Gutedel
  White European grapes. Light wines are made from it. These wines are usually drunk young.
• Inzolya
  Sicilian white wine grapes.
• 
  Red grapes with high acidity and high tannin content. From it get Bordeaux long-ripening, perennial wines.
• Cabernet Franc
  In the Bordeaux region, this variety is often blended with Sauvignon. It also grows in California and South America.
• Calabrese
  Sicilian red grapes.
• Cannonau
  Sardinian red wine grapes.
• Canoilo
  An Italian red grape found in Chianti.

  Zifandel
  

• Carignan
  A red wine grape native to Spain that produces good healthy vinias. It grows in southern France, Spain and California (where it is spelled Carignane). It is an integral part of Rioia wine.
• Carricante
  Sicilian White Wine Wine
• Cleret
  A white grape found in Provence.
• To
  A red grape from Bordeaux, it is known as Malbec. This grape variety is the main one in Cahors.
• Colombard
  A very productive white grape, it grows in California and in Dauphine and Charente in France, where it is used for the production of cognac.

  Syrah
  In the north of the Rhone in the Hermitage, this grape variety is used to produce heavy, rich, tannin wines with a tangible fruity flavor.

• Concorde
  A blue-black North American grape from the vitis Labrousca species. Concorde is widespread in the United States.
• Corvina
  An Italian red grape used to make the Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Cortese
  Italian white grape native to Piedmont.
• Lagren
  Red grapes, used to make red and rosé wines.
• Lemberger
  German red grape, native to Württemberg.
• Malbec
  Red grapes from Bordeaux. This grape variety is the main one in Cahors
• Malvasia (Malmsi)White grapes from Ancient Greece... Produces sweet, long-lasting Madera wine. Grows in Madeira, South Africa and California.
• Marsan

  Pinot meunier
  An important variety in Champagne, where it gives white wines a more pronounced appeal than a young Pinot Noir. Plays an essential role in the production of champagne for early drinking. This variety is intensively grown in the Marne Valley in Champagne, where, due to its resistance to frost, it is considered the most valuable variety.

  French white wine grapes, together with Roussan, are part of the Hermitage and Saint Joseph wines, some of the finest white wines in the northern Rhone Valley.

• Marzemino
  
• Melon
  White grapes transplanted from Burgundy to the Loire Valley.
• Merlot
  In Bordeaux, strong perennial wines are obtained from this grape variety. Also grows in Italy, Yugoslavia, Austria, Switzerland, California and South Africa.
• Morio Muscat
  German white grape, hybrid of Sylvaner and Pinot Blanc varieties. Used to make aromatic Rhine wines.
• Mourvedre
  This variety grows successfully in the south of France. Bondal wines in Provence are obtained from it. Its thick color and typical scent is often associated with wild berries.
• MuscatCommon name for many related sweet varieties white grapes, usually with a persistent odor. Used to make sweet wines.
• Müller Thurgau
  German white wine grape, a hybrid of Riesling and Sylvaner. It is increasingly being planted all over Germany.
• Muscadet
  White grape transplanted from Burgundy to the Loire Valley near Nantes, where it produces wines of the same appellation.
• Muscadelle

  Nebbiolo
  This grape variety is part of the excellent wines of Piedmont, and a good reputation, it has won thanks to the wine Barolo. In Italy - this grape is used for the production of Cattinara, Barbaresco, Сarema, Donnaz. Sometimes, it has to be mitigated by adding Cooper or Merlot varieties.

  A white grape used in very small quantities to make the Grave and Sauterna wines.

• NebbioloThe Italian red wine grape is a noble variety from Piedmont. It is used to make wines Barolo, Gattinara and Barbaresco. It is also called Spanna, and this name appears on the labels of some Piedmont wines.
• Negrara Trentina
  An Italian red wine grape, native to Veneto, it is used to make the Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Nerello Mascalese
  A red grape found in Sicily.
• Nosyola
  The Italian white grape grows in Trentino.
• Nights
  A red wine grape native to Sicily.
• Nuragus
  Sardinian white wine grape, from which the straw-colored Nuragus di Cagliari wine is made.
• Nielluccio
  Corsican red wine grapes.
• Pagadebit
  A white grape found in Italy and Corsica.

  Pinot noir - one of the most famous, classic champagne grape varieties.
  From these grapes, rich, velvety wines of the world are obtained. Depending on the climate and ripeness of the berries, the varietal flavor can vary from cherry to strawberry.

• Palomino
  The white grape, native to Spain, is the basis for the production of Jerez.
• Pamid
  Bulgarian grapes from which regular red wine is made.
• Pascal Blanc
  A white Provencal grape, used for the production of fine Cassis wines.
• Pedro Hnmenez
  Spanish white wine grape, used to make sweet wines and to sweeten Jerez.
• Perle
  German grapes, used to make dry white wines from Franconia.
• Pickpool
  White wine grape from southern France.
• Pinot Blanc
  The product of a natural mutation of the Pinot Noir variety, in Germany it is called Klevner, or Weisburgunder. It grows in Burgundy as well, but there it is not a common grape variety. Gives good results in Italy and California.
• (Tokay d'Alsas)
  Mutant Pinot Noir, light color, in Elas and in Italy good white wines are made from it. In Germany he is known as Rulender.
• Pinot d'Oni

  Gamay
  French variety grapes. The wines that are made from this variety have a pear aroma indicating carbon maceration. These wines are drunk young, but some traditional wines Bezhele, are kept for a long timelike the red ones. After 10 years, they develop the characteristics inherent in Pinot Noir. In France, Gamay deity is synonymous with true Gamay. There are several varieties of Game - Game fro, Game de bouz, Game castille, Game tenturier, Game atif.

  French grapes, used together with other varieties for the production of rosé wines in Anjou and, to a lesser extent, for the production of red wines in the Loire Valley.

• Pinot Noir
  In the Côte d'Or, this grape variety produces excellent Burgundy red wines. When mixed with a white Chardonnay, Pinot Noir gives the Champagne its density, strength and longevity.
• Pinotage
  South African red wine grape, a hybrid of Pinot Noir and Senso.
• Droix plan
  A French red grape similar to Senso is used to make Châteauneuf-du-Pape wine.
• Primitive
  An Italian red wine grape, possibly the ancestor of the Californian Zinfandel.
• Prosecco
  An Italian white grape from Veneto, often used to make sparkling wine.
• Petit Verdot
  A tart and sour red grape used in small quantities in the Bordeaux region to give the wine a toughness.
• Pulsar
  A red wine grape from the Jura region of France, also used to make rosé wines.
• Rabozo
  Red wine grape from Veneto.
• Rassese
  Italian red wine grape from Liguria.
• Riminese
  White wine grapes from Corsica.

  Fine-grained muscat
  This grape variety has two varieties. Muscat pink and white, as well as hybrids, which are something in between. ... Small musacat is used both for dry Elsian wines and for slightly fortified sweet Muscat de Beaumes de Venise, although in the production of the former, Ottonel nutmeg is more often used.

• Riesling
  A noble, white grape native to Germany. It makes fresh dry or semi-dry wines. It grows in many European countries and in all wine-growing regions outside of it.
• Rosanella
  Italian red grape from Lombardy.
• Roll
  A white wine grape that grows in Provence, especially in the Mediterranean Alps around Grasse.
• Pondinella
  An Italian red wine grape, native to Veneto, used to make Valpolicella and Bardolino wines.
• Pyssan
  One of the finest French white grapes, used to make white ones from the Hermitage in the Côtes du Roy and in the Savoy.
• Savagnen
  The only grape used to make yellow wines in the Jura region of France.
• Sangiovese
  An Italian red grape used to make Chianti and other wines. The Saigiovese Grosso variety is used to make Brunello di Montalcino wines in Tuscany.
• Semillon
  This white grape produces sweet Bordeaux wines. It grows in California, Australia and South Africa, where it is called as a green grape.

  Gewurztraminer
  This grape, especially pure and possessing all characteristic properties in Alsace, it is dedicated to the production of wines with strong aromas. The complex bouquet of these wines can range from musky to peppery.

• Senso
  A red grape that grows in the Rhone Valley, it is part of the Chateau du Pape wine, and in Provence and Spain, it is used to make the Bandol red wine.
• Saint Emilionne
  White grape, native to France.
• SersialWhite grapes from which the fine Madera wine of the same name is obtained. This grape is the same as Riesling.
• Gray Riesling
  This white grape is not a real Riesling, but a minor one. It grows in Austria, Italy, Central Europe, South Africa, California and Australia.
• Sylvaner
  A white grape found in Germany and Alsace.
• Syrah
  Red wine grapes, creator of many strong wines... Grows well in countries with warm climates.
• Schiava
  A red grape native to northern Italy.
• Sauvignon BlancWhite grape variety. In the Bordeaux region, it is combined with Semillon to produce the sweet wines of Sauternes and Barsacs and dry white graves. In the Loire, Sancerre wines are made from it, and in Pouilly-na-Laure they get a fragrant, invigorating Pouilly wine.

  Zifandel
  This grape variety produces light, elegant, white or pink, as well as massive ones with a high tannin content.

• Teinturier
  Unlike most red grapes, in which only the skin of the berries is colored, the flesh of the teinturier grapes is red. The wines that are made from them are deeply colored and can be used to color the paler common wines.
• Tempranillo
  A red grape used to make wines in Rioja in northern Spain.
• Teroldego
  A red grape from Trentino in northern Italy.
• Théulier
  Red wine grapes from Provence.
• Tiburan
  Red wine grapes from Provence.
• Tinta Kahn, Tinta Francisco
  A black grape grown in Portugal for the production of port wine.

  Aligote
  This grape variety is grown in Burgundy and Bulgaria. It produces sour wines with a moderate alcohol content.
  The best wines from this grape variety are supplied from the Burgundian villages. The quality of this variety is improved by blending with a small amount of Chardonnay.

• Tokay
  A white grape native to northeastern Italy.
• Toriga
  Red grapes from the Dan region in Portugal. Used for the production of Port wine.
• Traminer
  White grape, native to Germany and Alsace. In the French Jura region it is known as Savagnen.
• Trebbiano
  A very popular and widespread white grape variety in Italy, France and Australia. This variety gives very good yields, but it is not suitable for quality wines, as Trebbiano wines are not suitable for long-term storage.
• Ugni Blanc (white)
  White wine grape, grown in France, used in cognac, is called Saint Emilionne, and in Italy, it is called Trebbiano.
• Folle blanche
  A French white grape found in the Loire region. Gives a light, slightly sour wine. In the south of France and California, calm and sparkling wines are obtained from it.
• Freyza
  An Italian red grape found in Piemoita and Corsica.
• Furmint
  White grape, which is the main variety for Tokay production.
• Fuella
  A French red grape, found in Bellay's red and rosé wines.

  Chardonnay
  This classic grape is the best in the world for dry white wines. Chardonnay grows in almost all areas of commercial winemaking. It produces outstanding Burgundy wines and is one of the three main grape varieties that are used in the production of champagne.

• Zinfandel
  A variety of aromatic wines are obtained from red grapes.
• Shacarello
  Corsican red grapes.
• Chardonnay
  This white grape variety produces great Burgundy wines such as Côte de Beaune and Chablis. It is from this variety that champagne is made.
• Shasla
  European white, table grapes. Light pleasant wines are obtained from it, which are usually drunk young.
• Sheirebe
  The white grape, native to Germany, is a hybrid of the Sylvaner and Riesling varieties.
• Chenin white
  One of the leading white grapes, it is produced both dry and sweet, some of which are sparkling.
• Shiraz
  The Australian name for the Syrah grape.
• Elbling (Kleinberger)
  A white grape that grows in Alsace, Luxembourg and Germany, where some of it goes to the preparation of Seckt, a sparkling German wine.
• Erbaluche
  An Italian white grape found in Piedmont.



Pinot Gris
This variety is used to produce rich wines high Quality... These wines have a spicy flavor that is rarely found in other grape varieties.
Pinot Gris is used all over the world for the production of many sweet fortified wines.



Semillon
In Sauternes and Barzak, Semillon is particularly susceptible to “ noble mold". The characteristic bouquet of the Semillon, perhaps reminiscent of the smell of melon or figs, but these comparisons rather describe the character and smell of rotten fruit than the Semillon variety itself.



Sauignon blanc
The best Sauvignon Blanc grows in the vineyards of the Loire. There, dry wines with a characteristic aroma are made from it. Bordeaux dry wines from this variety have a shade of dust, which is eliminated by early collection and improved vinification methods.



Riesling
A classic German grape variety. From Riesling, light wines with a low alcohol content are obtained, which have a strong aroma and have the property of being stored for a very long time. Due to the fact that it is susceptible to the influence of "noble mold", this variety is indispensable in the production of very sweet wines.
With a short aging in bottles, the best Rieslings acquire a spicy bouquet.

Globalization persistently forces us to believe that the grape variety is more important than the wine's origin. At the very least, learning to navigate varieties is much easier than memorizing the multiple regions of origin. Let's start with the varieties. We offer you to get acquainted with the ten most common red grape varieties.

1. Cabernet Sauvignon - a superstar, an absolute classic of the genre. The most common grape in the world, the traveler cultivar cultivated to produce a thick wine with aromas of black currant, plum, mint and cedar (and it displays them no matter where in the world it grows). In warmer climates, it also displays notes of olives and blackberries, in cooler climates, notes of green pepper. Bordeaux, a region located in the southwestern part of France, is considered the birthplace of the Cabernet Sauvignon variety.

2. Pinot Noir - exalted, a bit decadent. The Great Pinot, which is no longer the sole property of Burgundy, produces a pale but soulful wine that exudes aromas of red berries and a range of "forest" scents (undergrowth, mushrooms, wet tree bark). In the great Romanee, even "oriental" nuances are noted, a kind of exoticism. But there is, unfortunately, a lot of boring, repulsive pinot noir that is sold at overpriced prices in the world. Authentic Pinot Noir - native to the Burgundy wine region, home to many fine wines.

3. Syrah / Shiraz - the great pretender. More reliable than Pinot and more expressive than Cabernet. With Syrah (aka Shiraz in the New World), you can eat a cake. Its color is reminiscent of ink, and the wine itself exhibits flavors of black pepper, blackberry and blackcurrant, as well as faint random notes of chocolate, orange peel and plum. In France, the Syrah vine grows in the Rhone Valley, but this ancient grape variety is credited with Persian origin. Currently actively cultivated in Australia.

4. Merlot - "guy-shirt". Merlot is similar to Cabernet, but softer and less formal; indeed, the two are often blended together, with the merlot's role being to round off the more angular cabernet. Plum, blackberry and blackcurrant are typical notes, although notes of chocolate and blackberry leaves are often present. The homeland of Merlot grapes is the French province of Bordeaux.

5. Grenache - the taste of the warm south. Light in color, but rich in flavors of fresh strawberries and various herbs, grenache is the driving force behind many wines in southern France, most notably Châteauneuf-du-Pape and Côtes-du-Rhône, as well as wines from the trendy Spanish region of Priorato. It is becoming more and more popular all over the place. He is often mixed with murvedre and sira, but is sometimes allowed to perform solo. This grape variety is especially actively cultivated in the Mediterranean, in the Languedoc-Roussillon region.

6. Tempranillo - Spanish temperament. The main grape variety in Spain, which made Rioja and Ribera del Duero famous, Tempranillo has the masculine character of a true caballero and sometimes gives the wine its characteristic "resinous" or "leathery" flavor ...

7. Nebbiolo - there is nothing better than home. It may be "seasick", but Nebbiolo rarely appears outside of its native Piedmont in northwest Italy. It is used to make the beautiful, long-ripening Barolo and Barbaresco, which usually contain notes of resin, rose, violet, raspberry and wood burning smoke. Its expression is often compared to pinot noir: pale but tannin and very aromatic, so deep and mysterious that it evokes melancholy.

8. Sangiovese - Mamma mia! Sangiovese is more common outside of Italy than nebbiolo, but again he is a "local guy", this time from Tuscany, home of Chianti and Brunello di Montalcino. Only there it turns into truly magnificent wines. The thought of Sangiovese immediately comes to mind sour cherry, black currant and fresh tobacco.

9. Cabernet Franc - another cabernet. A version of its relative, Cabernet Sauvignon, but has more leaves and resin in it. It is often used in blends with its more famous brother, but in itself it is softer, juicy, refreshing. Like the famous Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc is traditionally grown in Bordeaux.

10. Malbec (Malbec) - new Argentinian. The homeland of this variety is southwestern France, but at present the Argentines are grateful to Malbec, who brought popularity to their wines. What is not made of it: both easy-to-drink wines that go well under the barbecue, and strong blockbusters with great aging potential. Be that as it may, they all display aromas of mulberry and violet.

Grapes have been sung countless times throughout the history of mankind. In addition, in the Bible, wine made from it is mentioned not only as a means to entertain the soul, but also as a cure for many diseases.

History and description

Scientists consider grapes to be one of the first plants cultivated by humans in prehistoric times. In particular, written records have survived, testifying to its cultivation in Egypt and Mesopotamia in the 5-6 millennia BC. e.

Over time, this fruit spread throughout the world, and today the plantations on which are cultivated different varieties grapes can be found even in Australia and South America. The shoots of this plant are called the vine, and its fruits grow in clusters, which consist of 5 dozen or even several hundred berries, depending on the variety. As for the berries, they have different sizes and are oval or spherical in shape. If we talk about color, then it can vary from bright yellow and greenish to dark blue, purple, black and pink. Vine bushes bear fruit for a long time, on average up to 80-100 years. 30% of the berry content is glucose. In addition, the fruits contain organic acids, minerals, as well as vitamins C, B1, B2 and provitamin A. Juice is obtained from grapes by squeezing, from which, after fermentation, wine of various strengths is obtained. The main thing that characterizes grapes is the varieties, a description of which will be given below.

Classification

Today grapes are usually divided according to the area of \u200b\u200buse as follows:

Table varieties

As already mentioned, viticulture has a multi-thousand-year history, during which hundreds of varieties have been created, including table grapes.

For their assessment, a special 10-point scale was developed. Moreover, unlike technical grades, for dining rooms are important not only taste qualities, but also appearanceas they are often a decoration banquet tables... The factor of early maturity is also important for assessing the quality of such grapes. In particular, there are early (very early and simply early), early middle, middle, middle late and late varieties... In quantitative terms, this parameter is expressed as the number of days that must elapse from the moment the buds appear and until the berries are fully ripe.

Early grape varieties

Among the specialists involved in the cultivation of this plant, to this day, the pearl Sabo variety is considered the standard of early maturity. This Hungarian variety is over 100 years old, and its fruits can be tasted as early as the eightieth day after the buds have blossomed. To his distinctive features also includes a pleasant musky taste and high fruitfulness. The only drawback is small sizes berries, which makes "Pearl Sabo" uncompetitive in comparison with other varieties ripening early enough. However, many gardeners are happy to plant it on their plots in order to be able to feast on delicious berries already in the middle of summer.

In addition to the Szabo Pearls, the definition of "early-ripening grape varieties" includes Ekaro-35, which ripens on the 88th day, Galahard - on the 89th day, and Serafimovsky - on the 89th day. At the same time, it is known that gardeners continue to work on breeding more early maturing grapes. In addition, the issue of obtaining frost-resistant options is relevant. Of the domestic varieties, it is also possible to note the very early table variety Donskoy agate, which ripens well even in cloudy weather and has a large, conical, somewhat loose bunch consisting of big berries almost black, rounded. Arcadia belongs to the early maturing. It is a table variety with medium-sized bushes and high yields. Its clusters are very large and dense, and the berries white.

Medium varieties

In Russia and Ukraine, in order to obtain a harvest at least in September, for decades, they were forced to grow grapes of species belonging to the category of early maturing. However, today, in connection with the climatic changes observed on the planet, medium grape varieties have become popular, which ripen within 130-145 days from the beginning of budding with a sum of active temperatures of 2600-2800 ° C. In addition, medium-late varieties are known, which include for example, the French table grapes Alphonse Lavalle and the American variety Isabella, which is quite popular, whose berries are collected in bunches weighing 140 g each of moderate density and almost cylindrical shape.

The best grape varieties for growing in Russia

In addition, in Russian climatic conditions good results can be achieved by growing the following varieties:

• American cultivar Valiant. It is vigorous and shows good resistance to low temperatures and has berries of dark blue and of blue color... Moreover, the sugar content in fruits can reach 20 percent. In addition, Valiant is suitable for decorating garden plots, as it is an excellent choice for landscaping hedges and garden gazebos.
• Augustine is a table variety that belongs to the category of early ripening options. It is a very unpretentious, reliable and high-yielding variety. Its clusters can be stored without plucking from the bushes for 20 days. The bunch of the Augustine variety is conical, large, of medium density, consisting of large elongated white berries that have a harmonious taste and are slightly translucent in the sun. Suitable for decorating hedges and garden pavilions.

Wine grape varieties

The most famous wine-growing regions in the world are the countries of the Mediterranean basin, Germany, Hungary and Chile. On the territory of the CIS, Georgian and crimean winesand also wine grape varieties are used for the production of the famous Armenian brandy. Wines are also produced in Moldova. In addition, grapes for wine production have been grown in Australia for over 150 years, where they were brought from Europe.

Among the most valuable and well-known varieties are Aligote (Makhranuli), French Cabernet Sauvignon, also known as Lafite, White Kokur, white Muscat bred in ancient times in Egypt, German Muller Thurgau, the famous Georgian Rkatsiteli, French Chardonnay, Armenian 3000-year-old variety Mskhali and Hungarian Furmint are the main raw materials for the excellent Tokaj wines for which Hungary is famous. These the best varieties grapes have many varieties. However, they are used to make excellent wines, which are very popular among true connoisseurs of this sunny drink.

White grape varieties

Despite the prevailing opinion that white wines can only be made from green or yellowish-green berries, such drinks are obtained from pink or red grapes. The fact is that, regardless of what color the skin of the fruit is, there is colorless juice inside. However, white wines are usually sweeter and lighter than red ones, and have a lower strength. main feature production of such drinks - organization of fermentation grape juice in the absence of berry skins.

Chardonnay

Experts believe that the best grape varieties (white) are grown in France. In particular, the already mentioned Chardonnay variety is recognized as their queen. White wines from Chardonnay are also produced today in California, Australia, Italy, Argentina, Germany, South Africa, Austria, Chile and New Zealand. In order to get the original oak flavor, they are aged in special large oak barrels. In this case, it turns out expensive elite drink... As for mass production, they use simple oak barrels or add oak chips and even a special essence. Obviously, in such cases, there can be no question of getting a really high-quality wine that will appeal to real connoisseurs.

Riesling

Considering the white grape varieties, it is impossible not to mention the German Riesling. It is noticed that the most delicious wines obtained from berries grown in the Moselle basin in Germany. In addition, there are excellent vineyards in the Alsace region of France, and this variety is also cultivated in Hungary, Austria, Argentina and the United States. While the white wines from Chardonnay are known for their oak flavor, the Riesling drinks are distinguished by the taste of pears and green apples and a floral-fruity aroma.

Muscat

The history of Muscat, a white grape variety, dates back to the days when the Pharaohs ruled Egypt. Some researchers even associate its creation with the name of Cleopatra, which is completely unfounded, since it has been proven that it existed several centuries before the reign of this queen. Today Muscat is cultivated all over the world, including South Africa and Australia. There are many different types such grapes, as well as the wines produced from them. In particular, they can be light and dry, with low alcohol levels, or sparkling, very sweet and strong.

As you can see, over the many millennia of their history, people have been able to improve the grapes, donated according to the ancient Greek legend to the mortal Olympian gods, and have learned to create excellent wines from it. By the way, it is believed that the culture of wine consumption can even judge the level of development of the country and the people.

White wine is one of the most common alcoholic beverages consumed by people. of different ages all over the world, in some countries even children are treated to it, diluting the drink with water to reduce the percentage of alcohol. Today, there are several producing countries that are famous for producing the highest quality and natural wines, and each of them keeps its production secrets. Currently, certain rules and classifications of white wines have been formed so that people can navigate the vast world of aromatic drinks.

In the article:

Types of wine grapes by color

Even those who have never tasted a single type of wine in their life know that there are only three variants of this drink, differing in color. This distinction is achieved using special fermentation technologies.

1. The red ones are made from pre-crushed grapes. The color of the finished drink can be either bright ruby \u200b\u200bor dark pomegranate. Among the most popular are such red varieties as Bordeaux, Merlot, Pinot Noir and many others.
2. Pink are obtained due to the fact that immediately after the process of fermentation of raw materials has begun, the skin is removed from the berries. In addition, to obtain a pink drink, two types of grapes are mixed - red and white. The subsequent preparation technology is similar to that used to produce white wine.
3. White - to obtain such a drink, varieties of berries of the corresponding color are most often used. However, it can also be made from red grapes, if you first free it from the skin and seeds, which contain pigment. The color of the beverage can be pale, straw-like, or dark amber. We will describe the most popular representatives of this species below.

What grapes make white wine

Depending on which grape variety is used as raw material, as well as what ratio of sugar and alcohol is chosen, the producer receives one or another type of finished product. Many of them have been prepared so long ago that they gained fame all over the world and today are considered business cards a certain area.

For your information. Not everyone knows what grapes are raw materials and those sunny berries. which we are glad to see on our table are different grapes. Table grapes are used directly for food, and wine is made from special (wine) varieties. Of course, you can eat them, but they have much less pulp, and the taste is tart and less sweet, and in varieties for dry wines it is sensitively sour.

We will look at the most popular white wines from different groups classification common in Russia and Europe.

White table wine

The Russian consumer, according to statistics, appreciates sweet and strong wines more, while in Europe it is dry wine that is considered the standard of quality and taste. It is made according to the technology of complete fermentation of grape juice, while the percentage of sugar in the finished product does not exceed 0.3. Connoisseurs call dry white and red wines the most natural and healthy alcoholic beverage.

Chardonnay

This name is familiar to everyone, without exception, because it tells us about the type of wine (and grapes, respectively), which is considered a classic of white wines in the dry category. Today, these berries are cultivated by specialists around the world, and finished product, offered by manufacturers, are distinguished by high strength. Chardonnay does not undergo long aging, and how its taste is revealed depends on various factors.

Gruner Veltliner

Gruner Veltliner

One of the hottest varieties that grows in large numbers in Australia. It is used for production as budget options drink, as well as expensive and prestigious vintage wines. Its difference lies in the fact that the drink contains less carbon dioxide.

Riesling

– easy option for those who prefer dry wines with sourness, but not aggressive in terms of alcohol content.

Gewurztraminer

Gewurztraminer

Which is quite difficult to grow, but those who succeed will succeed in the market of high-quality alcoholic beverages. The place where the best Gewürztraminer wine is produced is Alsace.

White sweet wine

You will hardly be surprised by the fact that the best varieties of this type are made in France. These are places like Chateau-Ikem, Fargu and many others. In addition, cities in Germany, Romania, as well as Armenia and Russia are famous for their white wines with a sweet taste.

Borgo Tesis Verduzzo Doc Friuli Grave Fantinel

For the convenience of classification, all white sweet wines are usually subdivided into three additional groups depending on the origin, composition and production technologies:

Tokay wines

Tokay wines

As a result of the modification of a prototype, unique, which was received in Hungary. The wine of this group is considered the oldest, retaining the original bouquet, which was valued thousands of years ago. It is good to store such a drink for a long time: being in a bottle, it will change its taste every decade. There are three factors that make Tokai unique:

• the condition of the soil and climatic conditions, due to which the grapes are partially withered and even rained with the fungus Botrytis cinerea;
• a separate composition consisting of three varieties of berries - Furmint, Harsh Level and white Muscat;
• long-term exposure in conditions of low temperature and humidity of about eighty percent.

Among the most popular Tokay wines are Assu, Tokay Yuzhnoberezhny. They are recommended to be served with dessert, as well as with cheese and fruits.

Muscat white wines

They are obtained from such aromatic varieties as white or incense, nutmeg, pink, black, or Alicante, Hungarian, red, or purple, as well as Aleatico and others. Our country can be proud of these varieties.

INKERMAN MUSKAT

To obtain a good nutmeg variety of berries, a moderately hot climate is required, which is characterized by dry and warm, long autumn. As a manufacturing technology, the two most common are used - Western European (from France) and Soviet.

Among the most popular muscat wines, experts and connoisseurs note the French Muscat de Fronttignan and Muscat de Mirval, the Italian Moscato di Siracusa and Moscato di Trani, the Greek Rhodes and Samos.

Dessert white wines

Obtained from such varieties as Aleatico and Black Muscat (Auriu wine), Muscadelle (Krasnodar Taman and Crimean Pedro).

Agora Muscat Black

It was for such grape varieties that the greatest damage was inflicted during Gorbachev's thoughtless anti-alcohol campaign, when huge areas were destroyed at the suggestion of the "mineral secretary" vine in Crimea and southern Russia. In a matter of days, hundreds of years of work of breeders and winegrowers disappeared into oblivion. It is impossible to restore the taste and aroma of the lost varieties, because the properties of berries greatly depend on the place of growth. Crimean Muscat cannot be confused with similar grapes from, for example, France or Italy.

You don't need to be a professional sommelier to figure out which wine is right for you. It is enough to understand the basic principles of production of this or that type, or just find and feel the very aroma and taste.

For over 5 centuries, red grapes have been famous for their beneficial and healing properties. In ancient times, doctors used it as a medicinal food. IN modern world healing properties of this type of grapes are recorded and scientifically substantiated. According to doctors and nutritionists, red grapes have a positive effect on the digestive processes in the human body.

Nowadays, it is also used as a natural antidepressant.

The most positive effect of grapes on the condition of the kidneys, blood vessels, joints and liver. A fairly large number of red grape varieties have been bred. Most of them are used in winemaking, raisins and soft drinks.

Drinks made from red grapes have a concentrated grape flavor and mild aroma.

Red wine is an ancient noble drink. For centuries people have made it from all kinds of red grapes. Interesting fact: Natural red wine made from the same high quality grapes, without the use of additional chemical mixtures, is as useful as the fresh berries of this plant. They are rich in vitamins of group B, PP, C, E, K, A, as well as such inorganic elements:

The girls will be pleasantly surprised by the fact that the berries of this plant have not only pleasant taste and beneficial featuresbut also very low calorie content (no more than 68-71 kilocalories per 100 grams). Berries contain about 0.72 g of protein (about 3 kcal), fat - 0.16 g (about 1 kcal).

What are the benefits of red grapes?

Eating red grapes helps to normalize blood hemoglobin levels. It is also characterized by antioxidant properties, cleanses human body, renders positive impact on the gallbladder and liver.

This fruit has antibacterial properties, anti-inflammatory effect, and prevents the appearance of a number of diseases.

Red grape varieties contain a number of useful substances and vitamins that contribute to the strengthening and maintenance of human health. Among them are the following:

The ability of red grapes to have an anti-inflammatory effect determines its ability to prevent the appearance and development of respiratory diseases and immune system organism.

The berries of this grape also have a beneficial effect on digestive system overall, preventing constipation. They also provide positive influence on organs gastrointestinal tract, namely, they reduce the level of acidity in the stomach, help fight gastritis and ulcers.

It is not recommended to eat grapes for people who have an individual intolerance to this product. Diabetics should also refrain from using it. Tannins and polyphenols can cause migraines and headaches in some people.

Alcoholic grapes are made from red grapes (wine, port), as well as soft drinks (compotes, juice, etc.), raisins. In addition, it is used in pure form for cooking or decorating various dishes, all kinds of desserts, baked goods, jelly, etc.

Red grape varieties and their characteristics

Red wines are usually produced from red grapes, respectively. They are usually drier and stronger than whites. Due to the high content of tannins in the seeds of the berries, such wines have a more tart and strong taste.

The most popular red grapes are:

1. 
   Its berries are distinguished by a sour taste, high alcohol content, richness, and tannins. The bushes of this variety are unpretentious in care and it is not difficult to grow it (as well as take care of it).
2. Merlot. It is characterized by slightly grassy, \u200b\u200btender fruity taste... Less tannic than Cabernet Sauvignon.
3. Pinot Noir. One of the oldest varieties, bred in ancient Rome, and in the medieval era used for the production of Burgundy wine. Today it is also used to make champagne. Its berries are much lighter than those of other red varieties, they have a sour taste, rich, but not heavy.
4. Sira (Shiraz). One of the noblest red grapes, cultivated by the ancient Greeks and Romans. Now grown mainly in the south of France, in the Rhone Valley. Syrah wines have a sour strong taste and high tannins.
5. 
   Grown almost throughout Europe, Northern and South America, Australia. Wine from this variety has a more transparent color, not as rich and thick as the previous ones, strong taste and delicate aroma.
6. Nebbiolo. Very capricious and demanding in care and cultivation, in contrast to the above. For its successful cultivation, a lot of work and effort is required, special attention must be paid to fertilizing the soil and watering, since it has its own characteristics. It is grown mainly in Italy. Its wines are softer and softer, but at the same time rich, tannin. They become more acidic over the years.


Spanish famous variety also called Tinto Fino (in its homeland, Spain) or Tinta Roriz (next door, in Portugal). Grown in the Rioja region. The production of this particular type is important for the production of red ports, as it has an extremely strong taste as a result of fermentation.

7. Zinfandel. This variety is grown only in the state of California. It is the basis for the production of the famous pale rosé wine. The properties of this type of grape make it possible to make wines completely different in taste - from light, with fruity notes, to strong and complex or strong and matured like port. They have a deep red color, sweet taste and fruity-raspberry smell.
8. 
   It is a hybrid of two varieties - Pinot Noir and Senso. Grows in South Africa. It produces rich, red wines, strong and tart, yet tender and fresh. May have a banana flavor. Due to the peculiarities of this type, it is possible to make wines of different taste, aroma and structure from it. Both soft and fruity, pale pink, and rich, thick and tart, fortified and sweet, sparkling.

Carmenere. French red grape variety. In his homeland, Bordeaux, he is also called Grande Vidura. At the moment, this species is actively cultivated in Chile, thanks to the climatic conditions of this country and its soils.

Previously, it was mistakenly confused with the Clone Merlot variety. Carmenere is used both for blending and for the production of varietal wine. His wines are deep red, burgundy and even almost black. They have a lighter flavor than Cabernet Sauvignon.


A famous red grape cultivated in Argentina. Malbec wines are distinguished by their rich black color and soft, slightly sour cherry-plum flavor with chocolate and raspberry notes.

Now the popularity of Argentine wines is actively growing, possibly due to their variety. It can be as soft as affordable price wines with fruity notes and less budgetary, strong, concentrated wines with a spice flavor and the ability to keep in the bottle for a long time.