Vine background. Grapes in the genre painting (thematic collection)

17.04.2019 Dishes for children

A lot of people are engaged in growing grapes. Someone does this in order to try a tasty berry at the right time, someone to decorate their yard, and some sell grapes and get a lot of money. But each of these goals corresponds to a particular grape variety.

In this article you will find a lot of useful information for the novice grower. We will tell you about a variety of varieties from A to Z, about the ripening time, yield and characteristics of each species. After reading the material, you will understand which grade you need.

It should be taken into account that each type of grape requires special care. First decide whether you need a technical grade or a table. Recall the importance of climatic conditions. In the middle lane, a good harvest will bring winter-hardy grapes with early ripening.

Dining varieties from A to Z

Early ripening

Table grapes are grown to eat fresh berries. These varieties have a pleasant appearance of bunches and a very delicate aroma. They also have great taste. For full ripening grapes need a lot of sun. And its value in the number of fruits and the size of the berries. Table grades are much more important than the suitable climate and soil fertility than technical ones.

Sort Alyoshenkin

Alyoshenkin

Let's start with the grapes, which has an early ripening. Alyoshenkin yields a harvest already on the one hundred and twentieth day. Its distinguishing feature is mid-dissected leaves with five lobes. A bunch of varieties Aleshenkin weighs from 700 grams to 2.5 kilograms. The shape of the berries is oval, have an amber shade with a light bright touch. Here are just a bunch of grapes prone to pea. Brought Aleshenkin P. E. Tsehmistrenko.

Baikonur

Baikonur matures in one hundred and fifteen days. From all other varieties it is distinguished by large long berries, which are located quite tightly. Weight brush about 0.5 kg. Fruits are red-purple in color, have a large amount of pulp with a delicate structure. The taste is pleasant, with no signs of nutmeg. This grape is displayed on the site of Pavlovsky.

Victoria

One of the most fruitful. Crop ripens in one hundred and twenty days. Its specificity is that the type of flowering is functionally feminine. The berries are crimson-red, have a nutmeg taste. Victoria is one of the most fruitful species. It is well resistant to oidioma and mildew. But it should be noted that Victoria liked the wasps. Author Ya. I. Potapenko.

Harold

These grapes of early ripening season after a hundred days. Harold berries have an elliptical shape and a pointed end, have a sweet-sour taste and a nutmeg flavor. This variety is able to withstand temperatures up to -25 degrees and is resistant to diseases. Author Ya. I. Potapenko.

Giovanni

The harvest is ready in one hundred and five days. Brush weight 1200 grams. Berries of dark cherry color of the extended form. It has a very pleasant taste, nutmeg aroma. The skin is medium dense. It has the taste of light nutmeg. The author of the variety is V.U. Kapelyushin.

Ermak

Maturation in one hundred and ten days. Not resistant to frost and moderately resistant to diseases. Feature - very large berries, each 10-12 grams (this is a record figure). They are amber-yellow, rounded. Inside the berries dense pulp, nutmeg flavor. The skin is thin, almost transparent. The variety was bred by VN Krainov.

Golden don

Yellow (working title). Maturation in one hundred and twenty days. Medium resistance to mildew, oidium and gray rot. Frost resistance is high. The fruits are oval-shaped, golden. The pulp is massive and crunchy, the skin is dense. The Golden Don is distinguished by large clusters. This species was derived by Ya. I. Potapenko.

The ripening period is one hundred and ten days. A distinctive feature is a good maturation of the vine. The berries are large, very elongated, weighty. The color of berries: from dark pink to maroon. Zest has a low yield and low winter hardiness. But the taste of this variety is hard to beat. Experts of the Ukrainian Institute "Magarach" brought the highlight.

Average ripening

Kesha

Harvest one hundred thirty-five days. Berries oval / round, white. They are quite juicy, sour. Floral fragrance. This type is resistant to diseases, high yield. Variety brought Ya. I. Potapenko.

Lancelot

Maturation time is one hundred and thirty days. Differs in the huge size of berries. Berries are white, darken from the sun. The flesh is fleshy and juicy. Fruits have a harmonious taste, you can feel the taste of honey. Lancelot has an extremely high yield and disease resistance.

Matyash Janosh

Maturation one hundred and forty days. The berries are round, bright red color, covered with a thick wax coating. The pulp is fleshy, dense. The skin is dense. The berries are sweet, there is a nutmeg flavor. Matyash Janosh has an interesting property. The more the berries are ripe, the more spoils the taste. Led variety Janos Matyash.

Lowland

Full ripening for one hundred thirty-five days. Berries can be of two colors, for example, blue-violet fruits will be, if the soil is black soil. The lowland has high productivity and high frost resistance. Gray rot and mildew bypass this grape side, but the oidium Nizin does not spare. The author varieties V.I. Krainov.

Original

Maturity one hundred forty-five days. The shape of the berry is unusual, it may be black, white or pink. The taste is simple, harmonious. The original has a high disease resistance, but it is one of the "favorites" of the OS. This type can be stored for a long time. Brought V. E. Tairov.

Gift Zaporizhia

Maturity one hundred thirty-five days. The yield is quite high and stable. Disease and frost resistant. The berries are juicy, but the taste is not considered elegant. The color is straw yellow. It is worth noting that this grape variety is prone to crop overload.

Late ripening

Red Globe

Light coloured

Flamingo

Wine (technical) grape varieties

Aligote

Maturing term is not more than one hundred and forty five days. Productivity is high, stable. Because of the excellent taste indicators, aligote is the main raw material for the production of wine and champagne. The berries are round, yellow-greenish, very densely arranged. The flesh is juicy, pleasant, but rustic.

Cabernet Sauvignon

The grapes are late ripening. Cabernet Sauvignon is disease and frost resistant. High yield. The berries are dark blue, covered with a waxy coating. The flesh is juicy, with colorless juice. The taste is mellow, pleasant.

Merlot

Famous species used in winemaking. Early ripening. Excellent frost resistance, not susceptible to disease. The clusters are covered with silver. The berries are blue-black, the peel is thick, the juice is transparent (with a lilac shade). Merlot make a wine with a rich rich flavor.

Pinot noir

The ripening period is one hundred and fifty days. High frost resistance. Pinot noir feature in leaves. They are rounded, and the leaf plate is wrinkled. The berries are medium in size, slightly oval in shape with a thin skin of dark blue color. Gentle flesh, inside the seeds. Pinot Noir is capricious. To grow a variety requires a cool climate and gentle slopes.

Chardonnay

Maturity one hundred thirty-five days. Frost resistance to -20 degrees. The berries are round, white-green color. The pulp is juicy, the skin is dense, inside the seeds. Chardonnay mildew and oidium is not a hindrance, but they can rot the berries. The yield of Chardonnay is not high, but from the harvest is obtained high-quality wine material.

Stock grapes

Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB

Matured shoot a little flattened, with long internodes, gray tint. The flowers are functionally female. The cluster is small. The berry is black. Fungal diseases are not damaged. Winter hardiness is high.

Riparia x Rupestris 101-14

One-year matured shoot of medium thickness, smooth, rounded, with a reddish tinge. The bisexual type of flower is more common. Young leaves are folded in the form of a groove, teeth pointed. The leaf is medium in size, slightly wrinkled. The cluster is small, black berry, nondescript.

Universal grapes

Gloria

Yield Gloria average. Often there is a pea. The berries are large, oval, amber color. The skin is rough. The flesh is thick. There is a weak wax coating.

Lepsna

This variety has good frost resistance, it is not afraid of the disease and in the location it is unpretentious. The berries are round in shape, light pink in color with a waxy coating. Durable peel. Suitable for transportation.

Myths about wine and grapes

Rose wines are made not from roses, but from grapes! It is simply done using a special technology.
From red grapes you can get white wine! But the character of red will still be felt. But from white grapes it is impossible to get red wine.

Agronomists

Yakov Ivanovich Potapenko

Soviet scientist in the field of agrobiology, selection and agrotechnics of grapes. He investigated:

rest period;
annual cycle of grape development depending on light and temperature conditions.

They have developed:

theoretical bases of grape selection;
program and methods of breeding new varieties with high frost resistance by interspecific hybridization.

Conclusion

In this article, you learned about the features of many grape varieties. This information will be especially useful for beginners. Here everything is laid out on the shelves and you only need to find the variety you are interested in. Should be taken into account the division into table and wine varieties. Remember that technical varieties are not quite suitable for raw consumption.

Wine making is a real art practiced all over the world. The vineyards from which wine is produced form one of the most beautiful landscapes in the world. From the vineyards of the Old World in Italy or France to the vineyards of the New World in Argentina, Canada, Australia and the USA - this is exactly what you need to see. We invite you to enjoy this selection of photos of the most beautiful vineyards of the world.

(Total 35 photos)

1. Los Alamos, Santa Barbara. (CHUCK ABBE)

2. Saint-Emilion, France. (WOODMO)

3. Trigny, Champagne, France. (VERONIQUE COUTIE)

4. Porrera, Catalonia, Spain. (SBA73)

5. Lavaux, Switzerland. (HOCKENSMITH PHOTOGRAPHY)

6. Kunde Estate, California, USA. (TOM MOYER PHOTOGRAPHY)

7. Hermonville, France. (VINCENT BRASSINNE)

8. Bruneolla di Montalsino, Tuscany, Italy. (RICSEN)

9. Balf, Hungary. (THOMAS LIESER)

10. Margaret River, Australia. (CALZEAN)

What are vineyards?

The vineyard is a plantation of wine grapes grown mainly for winemaking, but also for the production of raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science that practices and studies winemaking is called viticulture. Winemaking is usually characterized by its terroir, the original French concept, literally translated as "sense of place", which refers to the specific geographical and geological characteristics of vine plantations.

11. Hunavir, Alsace, France. (MARTIEN UITERWEERD)

12. Maurice Curry, California, USA. (LASZLO M.)

13. Baden Wüttemberg, Germany. (CLAUDE05)

14. Vineyards on the river Tedo, Portugal. (AL GATOR)

15. Vineyards on Lake Chelan, Washington, USA. (ANDY SIMONDS)

Wine history

The first evidence of wine production dates from 6000-5000 BC. The technology of winemaking has improved significantly in ancient Greece, but only towards the decline of the Roman Empire, winegrowing became what we know it today.

In Medieval Europe, the church was a reliable supporter of wine, which was necessary for church service. During the instability of the Middle Ages, monasteries preserved and developed the technology of viticulture. Owning resources, tools and knowledge, they were interested in improving the quality of their wine.

European vineyards were mostly planted with different types of Vitis vinifera. However, at the end of the 19th century, whole species were virtually destroyed by the phylloxera of aphids, accidentally imported to Europe from North America. Native American vines include the aphid-resistant Vitis labrusca. The variety Vitis vinifera was saved by grafting on root shoots of American grape varieties, despite the fact that there is still no remedy for phylloxera, which still poses a threat to every unvaccinated vine.

16. Mission, California, USA. (-DSH-)

17. Handorf, Australia. (ANDY RASHEED OF EYE FOOD PHOTOGRAPHY)

18. Vineyards of the golden hills, Switzerland. (PIZZODISEVO)

19. Vineyards of the Napa Valley, California, USA. (JOSH MAZGELIS)

20. Verzenay, France. (VINCENT BRASSINNE)

Modern winemaking

The quest for improved vineyard performance has created a wide variety of systems and technologies. Due to the more fertile lands of the New World, attention was focused largely on creating the conditions for more vigorous growth of the vine. Innovations in the garter (the direction of the vine, usually along the grid) and pruning of plants, as well as methods of thinning of the shoots (which serve to optimize the ratio of Foliage Size / Fruit (RL / P) relative to the microclimate) largely replaced conventional, traditional concepts such as "Yield per unit area" instead of "maximizing yield to the desired amount."

Other modern practices include spraying the vine with water to protect it from low temperatures, new vaccination techniques, cutting grooves in the ground, and mechanical harvesting. These technologies made it possible to develop the production of wine in the countries of the New World, such as Canada. Today, interest is growing in the development of environmentally friendly and sustainable grapes. Biodynamics is becoming increasingly popular in viticulture. The use of drip irrigation in recent years has made it possible to plant grapes in places where previously it was considered impossible. Due to improved irrigation, the crop has become more sustainable.

21. Vineyards on Lake Chelan, Washington, USA. (ANDY SIMONDS)

22. Collio, Italy. (TERRY)

23. Vineyards of the Napa Valley, California, USA. (TURBULENTFLOW)

24. Penngrow, California. (AL THE WOP)

25. Baden Wüttemberg, Germany. (EDDYBOX43)

The word "terroir" comes from the word "terre", meaning earth. Initially, it was the original French term for wine, coffee, and tea, used to denote special characteristics, such as geography, geology, and climate of a particular area, awarded to rare species. Agricultural land in the same region shares a similar soil, weather conditions and agricultural technologies, moreover, each of them makes a significant contribution to the future harvest.

Grapes (lat.Vitis) - this is one of the most useful and tasty berries of the family Vinogradovye (lat. Vitaceae). His healing and nutritional values are well known to everyone.

The fruit contains light sugars such as fructose and glucose. Also include citric, tartaric, oxalic and malic acids, also contain chemical elements (iodine, sodium, aluminum, boron), and vitamins C, B and A.

The story of the divine berry

Such a wonderful berry as grapes, is the first cultivated plant. For the first time it began to grow five centuries BC. in Egypt. In the modern world there is no continent on which this cluster does not grow.

The first who brought grape escape to the Crimea, were the Greeks, seafarers. O. Pushkin often described in his works the beauty of the grape Crimea.

Viticulture as such appeared in Transcaucasia, as well as Central Asia. Then a grape runaway got into Moldova overcoming the Balkans.

Description of grapes

Grapes is a representative of the family Vinogradovye. Stems are vines. From the seeds in the first year, a small sprout (vine) grows.

The following year, already well-developed stems grow from the buds of a grape sapling, and the next year, the buds provide stronger seedlings.

The flowers form a white panicle inflorescence. The fruits are the representation of the egg-shaped berries that form a bunch. The color can be varied from green and yellow to dark purple.

Features of planting and care

Grapes - a plant that loves heat and light, grows well in windless places (gardens, valleys, sheltered from the highlands of the wind, stone elevation).

Darker grapes require a warmer climate for productive growth than light types. Therefore, in areas with a cool climate, it is best to grow light varieties.

All types of soil are suitable for planting grapes, except swampy areas and overmoistened soil, since grapes on such land will not produce the desired fruits.

Choosing a seat. If your soil is too wet, be sure to make a drainage system.

The landing site is prepared in two weeks by multi-tiered digging. In addition, if the selected area has an increased acidity (pH<7), вносят известь в соотношении 200 г на 1м2 . Если грунт не плодовитый, то его подпитывают минеральными удобрениями и перегноем с расчётом 1 тачка на 2-3 м2 .

To actively grow the grapes, it is necessary for him to create a support system. It is a wooden bar stuck into the ground at a depth of half a meter (2m). They pull the iron wire along which the vines will grow. If the landing site is near a wall, then the distance between the wire should be 30 cm.

Planting grapes. In the south, the grape planting begins from October to March - April. For less warm areas, the right time is early spring, before the buds start to bloom. Cuttings are planted when the temperature of the ground in the pit will be about 10 ° C.

If planting is done near a fence or wall, then the distance between the seedlings should be approximately 1-1.5 meters and a distance of half a meter from the wall.

Feed and soil moistening. Land for grapes, before planting, must be “fertilized” with fertilizers. Early in the spring, the place for planting is covered with a thick layer of humus (3 cm).

So that the shoots do not suffer from a lack of magnesium in the soil, it is worth spraying a mixture of magnesium sulphate (200 g) with 9-10 liters of water. Stalks that grow near the fence, need constant hydration, but do not overdo it.

Variety of varieties

At the moment, there are about 600-700 species of this berry. The science that deals with the study of varieties, hybrids, species species is called ampelography.

Currently, varieties are divided into 3 groups:

American
East Asian.
Euro-West Asian.

The latter group includes only Red grapes (Vitis vinifera), which includes all grape varieties grown for the selection of selected berries. Possess excellent fruiting, berries grow good quality. But they suffer from frost and disease.

The little studied East Asian group includes up to 45 types of grapes. Because of the worse quality of the clusters, they are practically not used in practical terms.

Frost-resistant form - Amur, is used to create frost-resistant varieties. A distinctive feature is their resistance to diseases of different types (fungal diseases, phylloxera). Capable of interspecific hybridization, as plants are dioecious.

Grape diseases

Greenhouse grapes often suffer from diseases than those that grow in fresh air. Grapes planted in open soil suffers from such sores as mildew and oidium.

If you notice these diseases in the early stages, then saw the solution of colloidal sulfur.

Common grape diseases:

Fungal: gray, black, white and root rot, cerkosporioz, anthracnose, esca, melanosis.

Bacterial: Cancer.

Viral: short knot, chlorosis.

Floxer (causes insect).

Grape photo

Yes, yes, now is the season for Muscat and Isabella, and even Lady Fingers are beautiful not only in taste, but even in appearance. Gzhelka11 made a wonderful post about grapes. I will try to continue it, calling for help, the masters of world painting, depicting such juicy and sweet grapes on their canvases. Of course, I will not include still lifes in my selection, because there are so many of them! I appeal to my favorite genre painting and start, perhaps, with the most famous paintings. Angela, I give all these bunches to you!

Karl Bryullov Italian noon (Italian, removing grapes) 1827