Each grape variety has a certain list of basic characteristics. A key factor determining the quality of the variety is its yield. The parameters of possible production of the fruits of a certain weight from the bush or from a unit of the square are actively used to select suitable grape varieties.

Key quality factor grape variety - its yield

But if you think about, in the issues of yield, not everything is so simple and understandable. This characteristic is conditional, it depends on the set of external and internal factors. And only the observance of all these factors will allow to achieve a high yield of grapes. What includes the concept of yield, from which factors it depends and how to achieve its maximum indicators - all these questions are necessary for detailed consideration.

Yield as a characteristic of grapes

Yield is the main varietal characteristic of grapes. In the descriptions of any variety, you can find a parameter that relates grapes to a specific classification category. Classification of varieties of yield grapes includes the following categories:

• low-yield;
• medium yield;
• high-threshold.

Often you can meet information, where the yield of grapes is estimated at kilograms from the bush. But this is not a completely correct assessment of the quality of fruiting volumes. According to the rules of viticulture, yield is estimated in kilograms from a square meter. The binding is made to the power of the bush as a key parameter affecting the size of the crop. Data in kilograms from the bush are given for the convenience of calculations. Such an assessment makes it possible to estimate the size of the berries received by each grapear without the use of special calculations. When specifying the number of 30 kg from the bush, it becomes clear which yield you can wait and how many bushes are necessary to obtain the desired result. Man without experience or novice vineyard, numbers 30 kg with square. m. or 3 tons with 1 hectare, can put in a predicable position when evaluating the yield.

According to the rules of viticulture, yield is estimated in kilograms from a square meter

Based on the chewing area, the following classification of the yield of grapes is used:

1. Low time varieties - from 2-4 square meters. m. Power areas give up to 5 kg of fruits from the bush.
2. Middle-yields - from 5 to 8 kg.
3. Products - from 8 to 10 kg.
4. High-yielding - from 10-12 kg.

When using large areas (industrial cultivation of grapes), measurements are made in centners (tons) from the hectare (hectare of the square). 10 tons with 1 hectare (1 kg from 1 square meters. M.) On an industrial scale is a high yield indicator. When compared with amateur "requirements" - these indicators are very small. A lover with good care of a bush achieves indicators of 3-5 kg. In modern conditions on specialized plantations of industrial cultivation of grapes, yield indicators are brought to a level of 120-150 centners with 1 hectare.

At the amateur level, the most prolific varieties allow to obtain up to 350-400 centners with 1 hectare. The average here is equal to 200 centners with 1 hectare.

The yield depends on the number of shoots, inflorescences on them, the weights of CunDee per unit area. The more nutritional area for the development of roots and older bush, the larger yield indicators it will reach with the proper level of care. Rising yield is observed during the first 8-9 years The fruction of the bush. After that, the period of stagnation and a gradual decrease in fruiting indicators will not be rejuvenated by the ground part of the bush.

It is worth understanding that high yields from one bush (figures are 100 kg from one plant often) does not always reflect an objective picture and is not an optimal option for all. The harvest of this weight can be achieved only with a very large and scorched bush, which has achieved age at least 6-8 years. It clearly demonstrates the benefits and non-sufficiency of binding an yield assessment to nutritional area. On the site that occupies a plant with a yield in 100 kg can be calmly put two bushes, and in the aggregate they will give a crop in 1 centner at an earlier age. That is, it is better to plant two bushes and get 100 kg of harvest in 5 years, than to have one and wait for such a yield of 8 years only for the sake of large numbers for statistics.

High yield from one bush does not always reflect an objective picture

Roseship and load on the bush

In addition to the very concept of yield, other parameters of the variety characteristics affect the quality of the crop. So, high yields can be obtained only from varieties for which a strong rose is characteristic. If you have met a description of a variety for which high yield and low degree of grocery are characterized simultaneously, it is alert to relate to the reliability of such data. Most likely, some of the two parameters do not correspond to reality. The optimal indicator of rosy from 25 kg of covers on the Kuste. But here you need to look at the indicators characteristic of a particular variety.

The yield is inextricably linked with the load level on the bush. That is, each plant should carry the optimal amount of clouds, which it can provide "powered" in full. For this, the root system of grapes should be sufficient to the surface part. The imbalance towards the "above-ground" part of the bush due to the large number of formed covers, leads to the overload of the bush, when it cannot fully provide all the sections with the desired amount of nutrients. This leads to a decrease in the yield, berries, vulnerabilities for painful lesions. Throughout the season, developing and emerging fruits should be provided by all the necessary substances and elements.

For each grape variety, the averaged volume of the optimal load on the bush is determined, that is, the data is known how many closets are needed a bustle for normal growth and development. In order to avoid the overload of the bush, events on their pruning are periodically held. It is held twice the season: in spring and autumn. In the fall, the optimal number of eyes is left on the vine, with a margin in case, if a part perits in winter and does not break off in the spring (2-3 additional eyes on the arrow). In the spring and summer, the load is adjusted due to the removal of unnecessary inflorescences.

The load rate on the bush is determined in two ways:

• with the help of complex formulas;
• with the help of practical observations.

Yield is inextricably linked with the load level on the bush

The first way to determine the load is relevant for scientific institutions, the lover is quite difficult to obtain accurate data with its help. Experienced grapes determine the load by observing the status of vines on the bush. If the preceding season of the vines developed thin, with insufficient in length of interstices and a large number of small covers, the bush was overloaded, a lot of shoots and covers were saved on it. Taking into account these observations, adjustment is performed - the number of shoots and covers decreases. On the contrary, if the interstices had a significant length (from 12 to 15 cm), and the vine developed in diameter more than 12 cm, such a bush was not sucked, which requires a decrease in the volume of cutting of shoots and inflorescences. With the first fruiting of the young grapes, 5-6 inflorescences are left to determine the degree of load of the selected variety.

The factors affecting the yield

When choosing a suitable variety, it is primarily to look at the yield class. But he does not always play a decisive role in practice. Yield may vary under the influence of many other factors. What factors affect the yield:

1. Sufficiency of light and heat. When disembarking bushes in lowlands, on the northern slopes, on the shaded areas, grapes can be deprived of the required amount of light. This fact will certainly affect the yield. The thermal lifting of grapes has an impact on the volumes of fruiting in an even more important measure. The soil and air should warm up to optimal temperatures for a specific grape variety so that it gives the expected volume of proper quality fruit. Optimal for grape bushes is the temperature of the soil in + 28-32 degrees.
2. Providing the necessary amount of moisture. It is worth avoided as an insufficient amount of moisture and its excess. Both situations will affect the volume of crop.
3. Provision to the entire complex of nutrients and trace elements.
4. Pest protection and lack of pathogens.
5. Competent care of the bushes (systematic and timely pruning, forming, etc.).
6. Shelter for winter, protection against frost.
7. Compliance with distances between bushes and rows. The more free space "allocated" to the Kuste, the biggest perspectives of high yields.

Homemade wine production is becoming increasingly popular, as it allows you to get a really natural product of high quality. The technical capabilities of homemade winemaking are limited, but it does not stop lovers of good homemade wines. There are a lot of unique recipes of crumpled beverages from grapes, as well as from all kinds of fruits and berries.

Planning the manufacture of homemade wine, especially in the constricted conditions of the urban apartment, it is necessary to evaluate the possibilities in advance and calculate how much it is necessary to prepare berries for the wine billet.

Grapes - best material for homemade winemaking

Grapes are the most popular culture for the production of wine. Almost all grape varieties are suitable for winemaking. But there are wine (technical) varieties among the grape variety), which differ in very juicy flesh and high sugar, as well as a large amount of wild yeast on the surface of the berries. Among them Aligote, Bastardo, Merlot, Chardonnay. In our latitudes, good wine is obtained from nutmeg varieties (Isabella, Lydia).

Lovers of homemade wine are preparing a hint drink also from cherries, apples, raspberries and other fruits. But it is grapes that is the perfect material for the manufacture of fragrant natural wines.

The amount of juice fetus

One of the important characteristics required by winemaker, how much juice can be obtained from a kilogram of wine material.

Different fruits contain different amounts of juice. And they give their juice too differently. For example, grapes, pears, apples, the juice passes easily, for producing juice from, some efforts and technological tricks are needed.

It should be noted that in the same fruit the amount of juice may differ depending on their variety, the region of growth, weather conditions during the ripening period.

Grapes - the most juicy fruit. From the collected 10 kg of grapes will be 7.5 liters of pure juice. That is, from 1 kg of quality material, about 0.75 liters of wine can be made, i.e. one standard wine bottle!

But only 4.5 liters of juice will give. To make you need to collect 16.7 kg of berries.

Factors affecting the amount of juice

In the production of wine from grapes, the amount of juice may depend on the method of obtaining it. We are talking about grape crests. From a long time, the winemakers have not separated the berries, and they allowed heavy grape borders under the press. In the production of grapes at home, it is recommended to make a wine harvesting only from grapes.

Of 10 kg of clean berries, as noted above, you can get more than 7.5 kg of juice. If the borders are shown, out of 10 kg of grapes will be from 6 to 7 liters of juice (the volume depends on the magnitude of the berries, grape varieties).

If there are 10 liters of finished products in the plans, then in the production of homemade wine using sugar, it is necessary to consider that 1 kg of sugar sand increases the volume of the wine billet is about 0.6 liters. In addition, in many recipes, juice is diluted with a certain amount of water.

These simple arithmetic calculations will help quite accurately assess the amount of finished wine and correctly select the containers for its production, which is important in home winemaking. For example, for 10-12 kg of wine harvesting, such a dishes are needed: a glass 20-liter fermentation bottle (sudium), a 20-liter enameled pan.

How to calculate the amount of grapes

If a natural grape drink is manufactured using industrial equipment (press), then up to 70% of the juice from grapes are obtained.
That is, when applying a professional press production for 20 liters, 30 kg of grapes needed.

Under household conditions, ensure the maximum spin is much more complicated. Even if there is a home press. Therefore, for 20 liters of juice, grapes will have to recycle from 35 to 40 kg. Part of the juice will inevitably stay in the mezg. Therefore, the squeezes are recommended to use for the production of secondary wine or grape moonshine (Chaqi).

If the juice is squeezed with hands, then about 23-24 kg of grapes will be required to the 20-liter container. As a result, the beverage will turn out 10-12 liters.

When saving wine in the container should not fill more than 3/4 volume. Thus, 15-17 kg of grapes will be needed on the twental polytric SULEY. And, accordingly, there will be 7-8 liters of young wine at the exit.

Example of calculation

Suppose you plan to prepare wine from ripe juicy grapes. It is from such fruits that are very good wines.

As a rule, the acidity of the juice of sweet grape varieties is approximately 0.7%. Such wort is not diluted with water. If the sugartyness of grape berries is about 25%, then the addition of sugar for the production of wine is not required. That is, wine material is high quality, which allows you to get natural grape wine.
There are available capacity, which will ensure normal fastening of 10 liters of wort. Determine how much grapes are needed.

According to the data, the yield of a clean juice from 10 kg of grape berries is approximately 7.5 liters. We solve a simple task from the school course:

10 (kg) - 7.5 (l)
X (kg) - 10 (l)
Consequently, x \u003d (10x10) / 7.5 \u003d 13.3 (kg)

So, for ten liters of grape juice, it is necessary to buy / collect 13.3 kg of berries.
Grape wort (juice) has an acidity of 0.7%, sugar content of 25%.

After passing, the wine harvesting with such characteristics will turn into a natural wine, the fortress of which is about 12% vol.

If the technology of fault manufacturing is withstanding, all stages of fermentation passed normally, then approximately 5% sugar will remain in wine. The taste of the drink will correspond to the semi-lubricant guilt.

Thus, proceeding to the sacrament of the manufacture of wine, you can definitely determine how much grapes need to obtain the planned volume of the drink. Similar calculations can be carried out for any wine material, including taking into account sugar and water, if such ingredients are included in the recipe.

The yield is one of the main characteristics of the variety and, of course, interests every grape. Often, beginners are asked - how many kilograms of grapes can be obtained from one bush? It mainly depends on the variety, there are such record holders that give 200-300 kilograms from the bush. The literature describes the plant, which in the 170-year-old occupied the area of \u200b\u200b0.5 hectares, had a barrel with a perimeter of 210 cm and provided a crop to 10 tons.

In fact, the yield is estimated not by kilograms from the bush, but kilograms from one square meter of vineyards. And if they talk about the bushes, be sure to be tied to the area of \u200b\u200btheir power. For example, with a nutritional area of \u200b\u200b2.5-4 square meters, they are considered low-cycle those that give 5 kilograms from a bush, medieval - 5-8, yields - 8-10, high-yielding - 12 or more.

For industrial viticulture yields 1 kg per 1 m square. (100 c / ha) is already considered high, and for amateur it is very small. Amateur vineyard with good care is able to provide 3-5 kg \u200b\u200bwith 1 square meters. It should be borne in mind that high yields can only give high-spirited bushes. On weak, even when complying with technology, get a big harvest is impossible. For large formations, it is better to take stronger varieties that will give at least 25 kg of covers from the bush.

Yes, the grade decides everything, and it happens that a beginner and acquired the seedlings of a good variety, even saw his brushes, but it does not give the expected results on the household plot. There may be many reasons here. Let's try to figure them out.

In case of insufficiency of light and heat (plantings are placed in lowlands, on the slopes of the northern exposure, in a half or in the shade of buildings), yield decreases almost in proportion to the reduction of lighting, but even more depends on the air temperature and soil temperature. The most optimal temperature of the soil for grapes + 28-32 °. It is possible to increase the flow of heat and by maintaining bushes on the surface formations, the placement of heat-reflecting screens from the northern side of the bushes or shelter by plastic film. Well accumulates the heat of dark stones near the bushes, which in the afternoon heated, and at night give energy. You can cover the ground in the aisle with a black film.

Watering the plants is moderately and only heated water. The lack of sufficient moisture in the soil - significantly affects the grapes during the revelation period of the kidneys, growth of shoots and berries. During intensive growth of shoots in cells, the crew's inflorescences of next year is laid. With a lack of moisture from the adventures of inflorescences in the kidneys, antennae develops, reducing the yield of the current year. That is why it is important to carry out the autumn waterproofing watering, and in the low-snow winters - watering the bushes in the spring.

Excess moisture in the soil also negatively affects yield. At the same time, inflorescences in the cells are poorly laid, weakly maturing the vine, the quality of the crop decreases (high wateriness and low percentage of sugar), and besides ripening. Excess moisture during flowering period leads to a strong "penetration" of berries and incomplete clusters. It also leads to the deterioration of soil aeration, violation of the normal course of the physiological processes of the plant. Root roots, and bushes die. Therefore, with an excess of moisture, it is removed from the vineyard through the drainage system, and at the first chlorosis signs (yellow plate, it is deformed, underdeveloped, the shoots of shoots are thickened, the shoots are easy to break, inflorescences are not formed on the bushes) are on the root or 0.25 Percentage solution of iron vapor.

The humidity and temperature of the air during flowering are very affected by the pollination of the flowers. At temperatures below 15 °, pollen germinates slowly, and at 10 ° does not germinate at all (the optimal temperature is + 22-28 °). If there is dry weather during flowering (above 30 ° with relative humidity of less than 45 percent), fertilization does not occur at all. The same happens with very large humidity - about 100 percent. During the rain, pollen is washed off, and before fertilization does not reach the case. Where is the way out? With dry hot weather it is necessary to increase the humidity of the airborne air, and where the rains constantly go, it is advisable to cover the bushes with a film.

With favorable climatic conditions, good results gives additional and artificial pollution of inflorescences, pinching the tops of shoots, removing part of the leaves in the covered area (to improve pollen circulation), pollination of inflorescences during flowering with sulfur (stimulates fertilization).

Lack and low level of agrotechnics in turn also affects yield. Through the grape bushes, it is necessary to care for systematically, evenly distribute the growth of the grief, to conduct regularly. With a lack of microelements in the soil, the bushes grow weakly, berries and clusters are minor, shoots early the growth. But the excess of chemical elements, especially nitrogen, is harmful. The latter strongly reduces the frost resistance of the bushes and the fruits of the kidneys, fertilization of flowers. As a consequence - a little berries in the bunches, but it is not at all, it does not affect the vine.

Vintage pests have a great influence on the yield. Despite the widespread introduction of stable varieties, and the hybrid forms of grapes are desirable before and after flowering to process the bushes against and, at the same time, on the second time to the solution colloid or dispersed sulfur (0.5-1 percent). By the way, absolutely persistent grape varieties for oidium is practically no. It should be remembered that it is easier to prevent this disease than to get rid of it, since the losses will be necessary.

It is necessary to very carefully approach the acquisition of planting material especially imported. Before you ask you ask, from which region it is brought. Crimea, South of Ukraine and Russia, Moldova - a zone of continuous or partial infection of the phylloxer (root tool). If you have received landing material from these regions, it is desirable and even necessary, in quarantic inspections of your district to conduct its disinfection.

The most important factors that provide high and sustainable grape yields are annual trimming of bushes, the correct load and the corresponding formations.

High-speed, arched long-sleeved formations make it possible to increase a very large harvest (25-50 percent higher than that of short-sleeved formations). Often the causes of low returns of the bushes is non-compliance with the recommended trimming length of the vine on fruiting. Let's leave a big stock of chicks - the crop will increase this year, but will significantly decrease in the following. Little to leave cells - you will get a harvest, the bushes will begin to live and badly lay inflorescences in the cells. Therefore, it is better to leave the optimal number of cells with the subsequent rationing of the harvest when conducting the first rover for unnecessary shoots. Especially it is necessary to warn against excessive loads of the borders before the complete formation of the skeleton and the root system.

With the above material, it can be seen how many different factors affect the end result. Moreover - each, but also every specific grade or a hybrid form responds in its own way to a change in agroclimatic cultivation conditions. Even grapeters with a fairly great experience sometimes break their heads over the question, why, I saw and took a variety with one parameters, and at my site I got completely with others. This is especially true for new hybrid forms. What she is younger, the greater the risk that she does not suit specific growth conditions.

The last remark does not concern collectors. These are fanatical people in their business that nothing can stop in search of new varieties. It is thanks to them, other amateur grapes are already without risk for themselves can use what is tested by collectors. Honor and praise for it. But at the same time I want to notice that this is an irregular version of the activity of viticulture. For guaranteed high and high-quality yields, it should be grown on its site no more than 6-8 best grades, following the rules of high agricultural equipment, timely protection against pests and diseases, reliably protecting bushes from frosts.

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In the world more than 900 types of grapes. All of them are characterized by the size of berries, color, taste. The vintage of the bush is also different from each variety. When choosing a plant, yield is of great importance. But, to find out which variety gives a greater number of fruits, without prejudice to the quality, taste, the magnitude of the berries, is not so simple.

There is a classification of yield to which each variety of this plant can be attributed. But, it's all very conditionally. It is impossible to say with confidence that one type of 100% will give a greater yield than the other. There is always the likelihood that in practice it turns out not as in the theory.

short information

One of the distinguishing characteristics of grape varieties is yield. In various sources, each plant variety refers to one of the types of grape classification. There are 3 categories of yield classifications:

• high yield;
• medium yield;
• low yield.

Usually, the harvest from one bush is measured in kilograms. But, this is not a completely objective assessment of the yield of shrub. That's right, according to the recommendations of professionals, you need to calculate the number of kilograms not from the bush, but from a square meter of planted shrubs. In Ukraine and Russia, they are measured in kilograms on the bush, for ease of counting to lovers, especially beginners. For example, if the weight is specified from one bush 30 kg of fruits, then you can calculate the number of bushes required for landing to get a yield from the vineyard as much as planned. If 30 kg is indicated from a square meter, then difficulties arise with the calculation of inexperienced beginners of wine.

Vintage description of grapes

Classification from the area of \u200b\u200bthe vineyard has certain values.

1. Low harvest. 2-4 square meters - 5 kg of fruits.
2. Medium yield - 8 kilograms.
3. Vintage - 10 kilograms.
4. Good harvest - 12 kilograms.

This scheme is suitable for lovers, with a small amount of bushes. For whom, the viticulture has a commercial basis, the calculation is made in centners or tons per hectare. Indicators of a good harvest in professionals differs from indicators from lovers. In Ukraine, the high yield of industrial directions is considered to be 10 tons / 1 hectares. If we translate to kilograms and meters, then 1 kg / 1kv.m is obtained. For lovers, this is a low indicator. With proper care of the shrub, they can achieve 5 kg / 1 kV. M. However, the best industrial vineyards, in modern Ukraine, give up to 150 centners from one hundred.

The yield also affects the number of shoots, inflorescences, the weight of the Clabose per unit of measurement of the area. When taking into account a large number of high-quality fertilizer and the age of shrub (the older, the better) you can achieve high yields. Peak yield comes at the age of 8. After that, the yield gradually decreases, the quality of fruits deteriorates. To resume the plant, it is necessary to rejuvenate the ground part of the bush.

The high yield rate from one bush does not mean that it will always be so, and that other bushes of the same variety will behave the same way. If the bush gave 100 kg of fruits, does not mean that next year the result will be the same. Such indicators can be achieved only with diligent work on the bush for at least 7 years. Usually, this is a large born grape bush, which can go beyond 1 square meters. m. Therefore, it is advisable to count not 1 bush / 1 kg, and 1 square meters. m. / 1 \u200b\u200bkg.

Inexperienced grape such a result may seem the limit of dreams. But, in fact, everything does not seem. Shrub from which you can get 100 kg of fruits, quite large size. Instead, you can plant two young bushes, which in the aggregate will give centner grapes, but much earlier than this bush gave. And when it reached 7 years, the same 2 bushes will give much more than 100 kg.

Roseship bush

Not only the digit of the alleged yield affects the choice of grapes. There are still factors to pay attention to. Vintage rose, which can achieve a plant, plays an important role. If in the description of the grape variety it is written that the yield is high, and the romance is low, you need to treat it with caution. It is possible when drawing up the characteristics of this plant variety, an error is made.

The affordable coefficient of rosy is considered not lower than 25 kg of brushes on the bush. However, each variety is individual, and the figure may differ from the provided. For example, 25 for such a species, like the "codiber" - a low indicator, and for Charlie - high.

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Load on grapes

Load on grapes also plays a significant role in the annual yield of shrub. For each bush, a certain weight of fruits is laid. The wider the roar zone of the shrub, the weight of the berries may be more. But, it is not a fact that the plant can provide as much fruit with sufficient nutrients. That is, with the intention to increase the harvest, you can easily stretch the stick, and achieve a decline in fruitiness, deterioration of the quality of berries, and disease exposure. In order for the grapes to give a maximum, you need to find a golden middle, not overdo the desire to get more than possible.

To achieve the optimal load and rosy of the plant, there is pruning, removing shoots. Twice a year you need to do this case so that the bush develops normally. This procedure is produced in spring and autumn. In the fall, removing unnecessary shoots, it is left on 2 eyes more recommended quantity, since when cold weather is not all sprouts can survive. Overtakes playing the role of spare. In the spring, unnecessary inflorescences are removed to control the load on the plant. How to calculate the optimal load on grapes?

1. With the help of complex formulas, "hot" for beginners.
2. Thanks to intuition, practice, recommendations of more experienced grapes.

Formulas are rarely used. Basically, they use scientific institutions engaged in a breeding in a professional level. Grapeants who have experience already look at the state of the vine. If with the last yield they were thin, and the berries are small, which means the overload. In this case, you need to cut extra shoots. If, on the contrary, there is about 15 cm interstices, the stems are dense, up to 12 cm in diameter, it means that you need to cut the sprouts less.

How to increase yield

Avoiding technical errors, given the following rules, you can grow a good vineyard:

• provide plants to heat and light;
• control the required amount of moisture;
• the feeding of grapes must contain all the important elements (organic, mineral fertilizers);
• prevention and protection against external pests and diseases;
• timely circumcision of shoots;
• shelter from cold weather during the winter;
• when landing, leave a large distance between the bushes, for greater yield;
• if nothing helps, put a new seedling.

It is necessary to understand that the yield tables, the shrub load scheme, and other characteristics are all theoretically. After all, if you plant the same grape variety in Crimea and St. Petersburg, the same yield is unlikely to come out. Therefore, you need to take into account all the factors in order to increase the fruit of the grapes, which will only be delighted you.