"Plastic bottle"

design and research work

ecological focus

Completed by: Zinkina Maria Vladimirovna, 6th grade student

Supervisor:

Gracheva Vera Aleksandrovna, teacher of geography, biology and chemistry MBOU "Krasnoarmeiskaya basic secondary school"

RM, Torbeevsky district, Krasnoarmeysky settlement, st. School, 1.

Phone 2-43-39, email:sportsmen[email protected] mail. ru

Head of the MBOU "Krasnoarmeiskaya basic general education school" Golyatkina Elena Vasilievna

Introduction _______________________________________________ 3

General information about plastic bottles .____________________

1. The history of the bottle ____________________________ 5

   The history of the appearance of a plastic bottle _______________ 7

   What is a plastic bottle made of ___________________ 9

   Creation of biobottles _______________________________10

   Environmental Issues Associated with Plastic Bottles _________________________________________ 12

   Recycling plastic bottles ___________ 13

   The second life of plastic bottles ____________________ 15

Sociological survey ___________________________________ 16

Experimental __________________________________17

References _______________________________________21

Appendices _____________________________________________22

Introduction.

The huge amount of garbage on the streets of the village made me think about the question: what does a plastic bottle bring to a person - benefit or harm?

It seems that things like glass and plastic bottles have surrounded me since childhood, so I did not pay much attention to them. But, once, during the next cleaning of the territory of our village and at the lessons of nature studies of the 5th grade and geography of the 6th grade, I learned and understood that for our village they are the main polluters of the environment. We collect them in bags, then they are burned or taken out of the village. Is that all? Everything remains in place. The atmosphere is polluted during incineration, soils are natural graves in which bottles can be stored for hundreds of years. More on this later in my work. It is no coincidence that I became interested in this topic, I want the territory of my village and my country, my Earth to not suffer from the disposal of such necessary packaging material and, to our great regret, so harmful to the environment and human health. I found out about this later, in the course of studying the relevant materials. And also, studying the resources of the Internet, I learned that this packaging material can still serve for the benefit of a person. It is used for the construction of fences, residential buildings, terraces, decorating the facades of houses and garden plots.

Our grandmothers and mothers remember the time when in our village glass bottles were collected and handed over to shops in exchange for money, and these bottles were taken away for processing and making new bottles. And now? Now both glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only!

Relevance of the topic: all the streets of the village, the road towards the regional center from our village, especially at the entrance to the regional center, are littered

garbage, most of which are plastic bottles, in that the wines of the inhabitants of the village of Torbeevo. They lie along the roadside. There are especially many of them after the holidays. Whole bags of empty bottles are thrown directly onto the road. The surroundings of our village may gradually turn into one big dump. In the warm season, we, schoolchildren, often carry out work to collect garbage in the center and along the road. But, it's scary to think how many of them will appear again after the snow melts? Today, millions of bottles are produced and discarded every year.

Objective- to investigate the importance of plastic bottles in human life and nature.

Tasks:

Get acquainted with the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles.

Find a use for used plastic bottles.

To draw the attention of classmates to respect for the environment.

Significance and applied value of work is that recycling plastic bottles conserves the environment, develops creativity, and expands knowledge of the history of things.

2. General information about plastic bottles.

2.1. The history of the bottle.

Studying the history of bottle creation, I turned to dictionaries to decipher the concept of a bottle. In the "Small Soviet Encyclopedia" (editor-in-chief BA Vedensky, 1958) the following definition of a bottle is given (Polish - butelka, from French - bouteille) - a measure of the volume of liquids before the introduction of the metric system of measures in Russia. Wine bottle = 1/16 of a bucket = 0.7687 liters; vodka or beer = 1/20 of a bucket = 0.6150 l.

In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by VI Dal it is written “A bottle (frnz) is a narrow-necked glass vessel in which grape wines are kept and served; by their appearance and capacity, they are distinguished: table or simple bottles, round or swollen, for sweet wines ... ".

A bottle is a container for long-term storage of liquids, a tall vessel with a predominantly cylindrical shape and with a narrow neck, convenient for clogging with a stopper. Large bottles are sometimes referred to as jugs. It is made mainly of glass, often dark; recently, bottles made of polymer materials (usually polyethylene) have been widespread. Less common are bottles made of ceramics, metal and other materials.

The first prototype of the modern bottle can be called clay amphorae. It is interesting that with the invention of glass, the first object of production was the bottle, but ancient glass bottles were not much like modern containers: shapeless, thick-walled, dull glass with air bubbles. For ease of transfer, a special eyelet was attached to them.

The Phoenicians were the first to master this technology (VI century). Unlike clay amphorae, such bottles did not allow liquid to pass through, so they quickly gained popularity.

In the 18th century, Venetian craftsmen mastered the glass craft. Their technology involved the use of special metal molds for casting bottles. So the bottle became a whole work of art: bizarre shapes with complex relief drawings and scenes from ancient mythology.

They were used not only for drinks, but also for storing rare spices. Later, glass vessels were used for medicines and perfumes.

The first domestic bottle appeared in 1635 at a plant located in the area of ​​the present Istra station near Moscow. The first batch was intended for storing medicines. Two types of bottles were produced for wine: 1/16 and 1/12 of a bucket.

Another key date in the history of wine and bottle was 1894. There was a transition from manual to machine production. Manufacturing standards appeared, prices fell sharply, and glassware in the usual sense finally entered the everyday life of a person.

The tendencies of the millennial pursuit of functionality and cheapness are now changing in the opposite direction: in modern bottles their uniqueness is appreciated, it is entrusted with the functions of decorating the table. There are many who are engaged in collecting bottles. There is even a museum in Madrid, where over 10 thousand different copies are exhibited.

But, history testifies to something else ... For a long time, the presence of a bottle on noble tables was considered bad form. Anything - silver, ceramic, glass jugs, bowls, but not bottles! These dishes were considered common, peasant. Despite the fact that it was very expensive and differed in a wide variety of forms. The situation was broken by a certain marquis, who did not leave his name to history. He risked shocking the distinguished guests and put bottled wine on the dining table. The effect exceeded all expectations - the bottle on the table became common for the whole aristocratic Europe.

A glass bottle is more expensive, as a result of which, a drink in a glass container is more expensive than a similar volume in a plastic one. Among the advantages of glass, better storage of the drink stands out, which is why it is believed that a drink from a glass bottle tastes better. Also a plus for the buyer of glass bottles is the possibility of repeated use.

2.2. The history of the appearance of the plastic bottle

In the modern world, no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a larger volume than glass bottles, and are safer due to their elasticity.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is used as a raw material for the production of PET bottles. For the first time, polyethylene terephthalate was obtained in 1941 by British Calico Printers (England) in the form of synthetic fiber. Until the mid-60s, PET was used to create textile fibers, then it began to be used for the manufacture of packaging films, and in the early 70s, the first PET bottle(DuPont wanted a plastic container that could compete with glass for bottling soda and still drinks).
Today, the production of food containers is the most significant field of application for PET granules. Sidel (France) and Krupp Corpoplast (Germany) pioneered the creation of the first industrial blowing machines. For the first time a plastic bottle Pepsi appeared on the US market in 1970.

The glass plastic bottle was replaced in the USSR, when in 1974 the PepsiCo company opened a lemonade plant in Novorossiysk. Almost half a century has passed since then, and now the once fashionable bottle has become commonplace. What is a plastic bottle made of or what helped it to supplant traditional glass and take the first positions as a container for liquids.

Despite the fact that plastic loses to glass in matters related to long-term injury and environmental friendliness, it has a number of undeniable advantages:

The weight of a half-liter plastic bottle is 28 grams, while a glass analogue weighs 350 grams;

The main advantage is that it is cheaper to manufacture than glass or aluminum. In this case, the barrier properties remain at the level;

PET is more attractive from an aesthetic point of view, because it is transparent and looks like a "completely clean" container;

If desired, such a bottle can be painted in any color without incurring significant production costs;

They are unbreakable and can be completely recyclable.

Even when the product freezes inside, a PET bottle does not deteriorate and retains its barrier properties.

2.3. What the plastic bottle is made of.

It all starts with the receipt of raw materials - the extraction of oil, which comes from distant fields. After receiving it for further processing, everything is loaded into containers, tankers and sent to factories. When hydrocarbons are heated and mixed with chemical catalysts, which causes polymerization, plastic is formed. In addition, various components are released from it during processing. Further, the refinery receives gas, fuel oil and other products. Most of the bottles are made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET, also known as plastic).

Polyvinyl chloride is a chlorine-based polymer. All over the world, they make soda bottles, cosmetic boxes from it, because it is very cheap.

But over time, PVC containers begin to emit a harmful substance - vinyl chloride. Naturally, from the bottle it goes into the soda, from the box into the cream, and from there directly into the human body. And vinyl chloride, by the way, is a carcinogen - it causes cancer. A PVC bottle begins to release this dangerous substance a week after the contents are poured into it. After a month, several milligrams of vinyl chloride accumulate in the mineral water. From the point of view of oncologists, this is a lot. Moreover, the longer the product is stored, the greater the amount of nitriles in it. American scientists have calculated that drinking from a plastic bottle 1000 times will shorten your life by 10 minutes. Perhaps there are a lot of exaggerations in these calculations. But to name the plastic container dietary or at least environmentally friendly, apparently it is impossible. How to distinguish PVC hazardous bottles from safe plastic bottles? It is necessary to examine the bottom. Conscientious manufacturers put an icon - a three in a triangle at the bottom of dangerous bottles. Or they write PVC - this is how the usual abbreviation PVC looks in English. But there are not many such bottles with honest inscriptions. The main part of the plastic container is not provided with any intelligible markings. Harmful capacity can also be recognized by the influx on the bottom. It can be in the form of a line or a spear with two ends. But the surest way is to press the bottle with your fingernail. If the container is dangerous, then a whitish scar will form on it. The safe polymer bottle stays smooth.

2.4. Creation of biobottles.

Company PepsiCoannounced the development of the world's first PET bottle made from 100% renewable plant materials. Now, with the production of beverage containers, the company will be able to significantly reduce its carbon dioxide emissions.

The new bio bottle is 100% recyclable. It consists entirely of bio-based raw materials, including pine bark, millet and grain husks. In the future, the company plans to expand the list of raw materials used to include orange peels, potato peels, oat husks and other agricultural waste generated in food production. PepsiCo.

By combining biological and chemical processes, PepsiCo developed a method for creating a molecular structure identical to petroleum-based PET material. As a result, the new bio bottle is in no way inferior to the traditional PET bottle in its characteristics.

Using this kind of innovation to preserve the environment is a fundamentally new approach among commercial companies. Coca-Cola, which owns the BonAqua brand, decided to go further and "start with itself." By order of the company, a unique technology was developed that allows the use of up to 30 percent of plant materials in the production of plastic for bottles, in particular from cane waste used in the production of sugar. Plant materials are used to produce one of two key constituents of plastics, which are derived from the processing of crude oil. The remaining 70% of the composition is terephthalic acid (PTA).

In the fall of 2008, the Italian drinking water company Fonti di Vinadio presented a new half-liter biological bottle made from polylactic acids (PLA) using Ingeo's technology. One of the advantages of a bottle is that once it is thrown away, it is completely biodegradable.

The Ingeo technology was developed by the American company Natureworks and has already been used for the production of bottles in Ireland and Canada. Unlike conventional plastics, Ingeo is sourced from renewable sources and decomposes after use, fully complying with the EU's packaging recycling requirement (UNI EN 13432).

The retail network will receive 50 million biological water bottles, which will differ from ordinary plastic bottles in color (bio bottle - green) and labeling. The distribution of bio-bottles will also be limited to a certain area, which will allow the manufacturer to track the behavior of the new product on the market and the reaction of consumers. The production of a bio bottle costs 2-3 times more than the usual one made from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), due to the higher cost of raw materials, production, storage and transportation of relatively small volumes of the product. However, he is confident that at the beginning of the mass production of bio-bottles, this difference will be significantly reduced. The bottle is not limited to its biodegradability. A bio bottle is lighter than a PET bottle, so it will use significantly less energy to produce it.

2.5. Environmental issues associated with plastic bottles.

All over the world, the production and consumption of plastic containers is constantly increasing. As a result, garbage is stored that does not decompose. At the same time, plastic bottles are a very common form of waste all over the world.

Today, 50% of solid household waste consists of used packaging (mainly polymeric and combined, most types of which do not undergo biological degradation and decay and can be in the soil for many decades (the bottle decay time is about 500 years).

People are already tired of the plastic waste they create themselves. The creation of plastic packaging has solved many problems, but it has generated just as much. The garbage that our fathers left at resting places has long turned into dust, and our plastic bottles will be seen even by our great-great-grandchildren, because they are "eternal".

Mostly they are buried in the ground or burned. Sometimes they put it in metal containers and throw it into the seas and oceans, and sometimes even into rivers and lakes, which are sources of drinking water (which is completely unacceptable).

In the Russian Federation, 90% of MSW is buried in the ground, and the remaining 10% is incinerated. The number of dumps of industrial and household waste in our country, authorized and especially unauthorized, has been steadily growing in recent years. .

Incineration is a method of disposal of household waste, widespread in world practice, and has been used since the end of the 19th century. Its main advantage, in comparison with landfilling, is the reduction of the volume of waste by more than 10 times, and the mass by 3 times. Of course, it is very convenient. Several decades ago, when there was not so much waste, and plastic packaging and products made of polymeric materials did not constitute the overwhelming majority of MSW, waste incineration did not pose such a threat to the environment and human health as it does now. In the 80s of the last century, it was found that in the process of burning solid combustible materials, a variety of poisonous products are formed that enter the atmosphere.

Discarded bottles do not always end up in landfills. The world's oceans are filled with such debris, which poses a serious threat to many marine organisms, since small segments can be consumed by the inhabitants of the oceans.

The small town of Concord, Massachusetts, is the first US community to ban the sale of water in plastic bottles.

2.6. Recyclable plastic bottles

Disposal of PET bottles - in Europe, recycling of PET bottles is state-owned. For the CIS countries, the disposal of used PET containers is an environmental problem. Although the PET bottle is environmentally friendly, PET releases a large amount of carcinogens when burned. A safer and much more profitable solution is to recycle used PET containers. In England today 70% of PET bottles are recycled, in Germany - 80-85%, in Sweden - 90-95% (this is the highest rate in Europe). The principle of state regulation of PET packaging processing is that its producers pay a special tax, which includes the cost of future processing. The state finances utilization from this money. It can cost up to $ 50 million to build one recycling plant.

The recycling process includes mechanical disposal (crushing) and chemical disposal (the crushed parts decompose into their constituent parts). Each of the components obtained undergoes a purification step. The process of obtaining secondary PET is completed by granulation. The resulting granulate has a lower viscosity than the primary one, that is, its quality is already lower. Such PET granulate is used in various fields - in the production of preforms, it is allowed to add up to 5-10% of secondary raw materials, it also makes good raw materials for the textile industry, the manufacture of tiles, Euro pallets, cotton wool. After the addition of fiberglass, recycled PET is used to produce abrasive wheels for grinding and polishing. Ford casts engine covers for trucks, and Toyota casts panels, bumpers, and doors for cars from polymer compositions containing recycled PET.

In the post-Soviet territory, PET bottles are not massively disposed of. So far, only isolated attempts have been made to produce paving slabs from recycled PET, and technologies have been developed (but not implemented) for the production of various insulation and building materials from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.

2.7. The second life of plastic bottles.

Studying the material about plastic bottles, especially the Internet resources, I also came to the conclusion that indeed a plastic bottle can and should have a second life! Giving plastic bottles a second life, a person not only makes life easier for himself, and saves money from the family budget, but also preserves nature! You can think of a lot of uses for plastic bottles.

In the backward countries of the world, where ordinary European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers are in significant demand. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened 1.5-liter bottles, and in Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in the markets. Bottles are used to make birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots, they are used to protect young rice sprouts, they are hung on the fence as a scarecrow from crows, and they are also used as waterproof caps on the tops of poles. In Indonesia, stabilizers are used to stabilize fishing boats. In Mongolia, they are burned as sacrifices to spirits.

Many useful things can be made from plastic bottles that will not only benefit but also save your budget. Any household is left with a ton of empty plastic bottles. Together with the rest of the household waste, they end up in a trash can and then in a landfill. Although they can still do us a good service in the backyard economy. In experienced hands, an empty plastic bottle can turn into dozens of useful garden accessories in all seasons.

Since childhood, I have been fond of making all kinds of toys from different materials. This love was instilled in me by my mother, who is of great help to me. But, with crafts from plastic bottles, I came across for the first time, although my grandmother's yard is decorated with flowers made from bottles. And I wondered if I could do something with my own hands. My first "invention" was a bee hive. I like it! And now it is unlikely that I will stop at this ...

3. Sociological survey.

I decided to find out what plastic goods are bought, how they are used and where the packaging goes in the families of our students in grades 5-9. She didn’t invent anything, and took questions from the Internet. Children and school teachers from 23 families answered the questions.

The participants were asked the following questions:

1. Do you buy products in plastic packaging? Which?

2. Where do you dispose of plastic bottles after use?

3. If you don’t throw it away, how do you use the plastic bottles?

The results of the survey showed the following result:

Question 1. Do you buy products with plastic packaging? Which?

Yes - 23 people

Mineral water - 46 people

Carbonated water, juices, drinks - 64 people

Ketchup - 28 people

Mayonnaise - 40 people

Drinking yoghurt - 80 people

No - 0 people.

Curds, noodles, mashed potatoes - 27 people.

In addition, beer, vegetable oil and other products are bought.

Question 2. Where do you put the plastic bottles after use?

Throwing out - 5 people

We burn - 16 people

We use in the farm - 10 people

Burying - 3 people

Question 3. If you don't throw it away, how do you use the plastic bottles?

For planting seedlings - 14 people

For the household - 14 people

We use it for milk, kvass, jam - 10 people

We do crafts - 8 people

The survey showed that families of students in our school buy food in plastic packaging and in most cases it is mineral water, beer and carbonated drinks. The used packaging is burned by most families, a few families are thrown away, and also used in the household for planting seedlings, for milk, kvass. And again the question arises: where do they go? There is only one answer - thrown away or burned.

Experimental work

While preparing this project, I learned that chemical reagents do not act on plastic. Became interesting! And my teacher and I also conducted our own experiment. A solution of concentrated sulfuric acid, alkali and 70% acetic acid were poured into 3 glasses. vinegar essence in stores is sold in glassware. A piece of a plastic bottle, a fragment of a cork and a silk ribbon were dipped into each glass.

One hour after the experiment, the ribbon completely dissolved in sulfuric acid. But the most amazing thing was that after five hours only a small speck remained from a piece of a plastic bottle. And on the morning of the next day, only a fragment of the cork of a plastic bottle remained in a glass with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the acid color on the surface changed to brown (a piece of a brown beer bottle was used).

A week later, we checked the contents of the glasses and saw that there were no changes with the experimental samples either in acetic acid or in alkali.

Conclusion. After my experiment, I was convinced that a plastic bottle can decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, and the cork does not break down under the influence of chemicals, even in concentrated acid. This made me think about the chemical recycling of plastic bottles using concentrated acids, but this is real for the city !!!

Therefore, when it gets into the ground, both bottles and corks will not decompose and rot, but will only clog the soil.

What to do with plastic in rural areas? Can it really burn like many families do?

I decided to be present at such a process when dad was burning bottles and other rubbish. When set on fire, the bottle changed shape, as if melting, and then burned with the release of black smoke and a sharp unpleasant odor.

Conclusion: When plastic bottles are burned, poisonous smoke is emitted, which pollutes the air and is bad for human health.

I made sure that plastic bottles cannot be burned or thrown away.

And if of two evils, choose the lesser, then in the village it is better to burn bottles away from the residential sector.

As a result of my research work, I found out the history of the emergence of bottles from the first glass to plastic bottles made from chemical raw materials. Due to such properties as lightness, elasticity, strength, plastic bottles are convenient to use, therefore they occupy an increasing place in human life, but there is a problem associated with the disposal of bottles after use.

What I saw after working in the chemistry class, I was very interested. I read a lot of similar works, but everywhere it was written that "... plastic packaging does not decompose even under the influence of chemicals, and when burned, they emit poisonous smoke that is dangerous to human health." I agree about smoke, but my experiment proved that bottles decompose in concentrated sulfuric acid, but remain unchanged in acetic acid and alkali solution.

Plastic packaging really litters the earth and harms nature, but I think that the time will come when plastic bottles will learn to recycle, as they do in some countries.

It is necessary to pay attention to the ecological education of citizens. Adults should teach their children from an early age to take care of nature and be an example for them themselves. Delivery of secondary raw materials is not only a way to make money, but also to preserve our natural resources, to keep the air, forests, rivers and seas clean.

Reducing the amount of waste generated and increasing its share of recycling requires a coordinated effort by the entire population, business and government.

When buying goods, pay attention to the environmental friendliness mark on the packaging. For many consumers, the “recyclable” mark means more than a quality mark.

Bibliography

Alekseev S.V., Gruzdeva N.V., Muravyov A.G., Gushchina E.V. Workshop on ecology: Textbook [Text] / Ed. S.V. Alekseeva. - M .: OA MDS, 2000 .-- 192 p.

Wikipedia the free encyclopedia [electronic resource] Access mode: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

V.I.Dal, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language: Vol. 1-4, -M .: Rus.yaz., 1998. P.146.

Children's portal bebi.lv [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.bebi.lv/otdih-i-dosug-s-detjmi/podelki-iz-plastikovih-butilok.html.

Small Soviet Encyclopedia, ed. BA Vedensky, Vol.2, M .: State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia", 1958. P.51.

Ecology website [electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.ecology.md/section.php?section=tech&id=2220

Answers mail.ru [electronic resource] Access mode: http://otvet.mail.ru/question/26708805/

Appendix.

Many years ago, mankind invented wine. People immediately appreciated this drink and learned how to prepare it for future use. But vessels were needed to store and transport wine. At first, containers of natural origin were used - animal stomachs, wineskins (leather bags made of whole animal skins). A little later, they began to make wooden, clay and metal vessels in which the wine was stored. And, of course, in order for it not to spill, these containers had to be covered with something. Ordinary pieces of wood acted as the first plugs. They were adjusted to the desired size and the neck was sealed. Ancient Greek amphoras were also covered with pieces of wood. Over time, people have noticed that tightly corked wine lasts much longer and improves its taste at the same time.

Ancient Greek myths tell us that the god of trade and profit, Hermes, had the ability to perfectly clog vessels. Perhaps that is why the ancient Greeks were able to establish trade in this drink, while receiving a good income.

The first corks were made from softwood because it was easier to plan and shape the cork into the desired shape and size. Of course, such plugs did not seal the vessel hermetically. In addition, they quickly absorbed moisture, increasing in size, which caused the neck of the jug to crack. To avoid this, the top of the cork was filled with resin. This protected it from swelling and, moreover, ensured tightness.

Over time, the Phoenicians and Romans began to use oak bark to make corks. The famous French monk Pierre Perignon, after whom a no less famous brand of champagne was later named, repeatedly experimented with various methods of corking wine. The cork in the shape of a cone was considered universal, since it fit almost any size of a vessel with wine. In addition, such a plug was easy enough to remove.

At the beginning of the 17th century, they began to make glass bottles that could be tightly closed with a cork. Cork acquired its modern cylinder shape when the corkscrew was invented. Since that time, when corking wine, the corks were driven to the very neck of the bottle. This method was recognized as the best, moreover, there were no problems with how to remove the cork from the bottle neck.

Since the 19th century, cork began to be produced on an industrial scale. The bark of the cork oak has served as the material and has remained to this day. The homeland of this plant is considered to be the southwestern part of Europe, however, due to cork, it began to be grown in many Mediterranean countries.

At first glance, the cork production process is quite simple, but it is not. In fact, there are many subtleties and nuances. It takes at least fifteen years for an acorn to turn into an oak tree from which you could cut off the bark. Add to this another nine years, since the first cut cannot be used, and the next one will grow just during this period of time. It is known that oak is a durable plant that lives for about 170-200 years. However, during this time, you can only cut the bark from it sixteen times.

STORY

The raw material for the production of PET bottles is polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
For the first time, polyethylene terephthalate was obtained in 1941 by British Calico Printers (England) in the form of synthetic fiber. The copyright for the new material was acquired by DuPont and ICI, which in turn sold licenses for the use of polyethylene terephthalate fibers to many other companies.
Until the mid-60s, PET was used to create textile fibers, then it began to be used for the manufacture of packaging films, and in the early 70s, the first PET bottle(DuPont wanted a plastic container that could compete with glass for bottling soda and still drinks).
Today, the production of food containers is the most significant field of application for PET granules. Sidel (France) and Krupp Corpoplast (Germany) pioneered the creation of the first industrial blowing machines. *

* Transformed into "SIG Corpoplast GmbH", part of the "SIG Beverages" group of companies.

PROPERTIES OF PET CONTAINERS

The benefits of PET are numerous. A typical half-liter PET bottle weighs about 28 g, while a standard bottle of the same volume, made of glass, can weigh about 350 g. PET is absolutely transparent, a bottle made of this material looks clean, attractive, natural transparency material makes it ideal for bottling soda water. In addition, PET can be dyed, for example, in green or brown color, so that the appearance of the product meets the needs of consumers as much as possible. The use of plastic bottles helps to eliminate such an unpleasant effect as the breakage of containers during transportation, inherent in glass containers, while PET, like glass, is perfectly (and completely) recyclable. In general, at present, PET packaging with its limitless innovative potential and wide design possibilities is viewed rather not as a competitor to glass containers, but as a material that can open completely new markets and generate completely new consumer priorities.

A significant disadvantage of PET containers is its relatively low barrier properties. It lets ultraviolet rays and oxygen into the bottle, and carbon dioxide outside, which degrades the quality and shortens the shelf life of the beer. This is due to the fact that the high molecular weight structure of polyethylene terephthalate is not an obstacle for gases with small molecular sizes relative to the polymer chains. The maximum shelf life of beer in PET is called different, in many respects it depends on the region in which it is bottled.

So, according to German standards, beer in PET becomes unusable in two weeks, according to ours, it can be stored for three to four months. However, all experts agree on one thing: maximizing the gas and opacity of a plastic bottle, and, accordingly, the shelf life of beer, is an urgent problem. The companies "Sidel", "SIG Corpoplast" and "Sipa" are especially actively working on solving this problem.

The main, most promising areas are recognized (in chronological order): use multilayer technology , making bottles from alternative plastics , introduction into PET special "barrier" additives and deposition of "barrier" layers from another material ... In addition, work is underway on bottle shape optimization to achieve the best surface to volume ratio.

Multilayer bottle
Multilayer technology today is perhaps the most widespread and reliable, as it has managed to pass the approbation of time. The bottle produced using this technology resembles a layer cake: between the film layers of polyethylene terephthalate there is a layer (or layers) of a special polymer that prevents the penetration of gas and ultraviolet rays (passive barrier) or absorbs oxygen (active barrier). The outer and inner layers of the bottle are usually made from pure PET. Depending on the number of internal "barrier" layers, the total number of film layers ranges from three to five. The most significant disadvantage of multilayer containers is the higher (relative to the usual single-layer) price - equipment for the production of a multilayer PET bottle costs, on average, twice as much as usual. Multilayer PET bottles are used by such well-known companies as Budweiser, Carlsberg, Grolsch, Holsten, Miller and others for filling their brands.

Another disadvantage is that the use of multilayer PET bottle production technology limits the possibility of its recycling. At the same time, the three-layer technology is used in Germany, Switzerland, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand for the disposal of recycled PET: it is placed between film layers of new PET. The barrier properties of such a bottle are not improved at all, but from an environmental point of view, such a move can be justified.

Passive barrier
The most "popular" today is the technically simplest three-layer PET bottle, in which a layer of nylon (most often Nylon MXD6) is located between two layers of polyethylene terephthalate. The advantages of nylon are good barrier properties, high transparency, and low cost. Ethylene vinyl acogol - EVON (EVON) and ethylene vinyl acetate - EVA (EVA) have even better barrier properties. But EVA has a noticeable drawback: it loses its protective qualities from moisture. The shelf life of beer in a multilayer PET bottle using these protective layers is increased from four to six times.

Active barrier
A highly active barrier today is the copolyester-oxygen absorber "Amosorb". Most companies prefer to work on the creation of a combination of barrier layers that not only absorb oxygen, but also keep carbon dioxide out. Among the most famous materials are "Aegis", "Amazon", "Bind-Ox", "DarEVAL", "Oxbar", "SurShield". According to experts, the cost of a PET bottle with active barriers is almost an order of magnitude higher than a similar single-layer container.

Sputtering a barrier layer
Spraying a layer with increased barrier properties is a very expensive process. For its implementation, it is necessary to additionally purchase special equipment, including vacuum machines worth from 1 to 1.5 million euros.

But so far these technologies, due to their extreme high cost, have not become widespread. Spraying can be both internal and external. Internal spraying is created using the so-called "plasma technology". According to this method, a PET bottle is filled with a special gas mixture, after which it is exposed to a powerful microwave pulse. As a result, the gas mixture for a negligible period of time passes into a state of plasma, after which it settles in the thinnest layer on the walls of the bottle. The most famous are the "Actis" and "DLC" carbon mixtures, as well as the "Glaskin", "VPP" mixtures. In addition, the technology of spraying quartz glass on the inner surface of the bottle is used (technologies from SIG Corpoplast and HiCoTec). For external spraying, a PET bottle is placed in a special chamber with a gas mixture, which is deposited on the outer surface of the container. For this, sprays "Bairocade", "SprayCoat", "Sealica" are used.

Barrier additives
For the most part, the same barrier materials are used as additives that are used in the manufacture of multilayer containers. This is the most inexpensive way to increase the barrier properties of a PET bottle. Most often, "Amosorb" (as an oxygen scavenger), nylon and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) are added to polyethylene terephthalate. But here a dilemma arises: the more additives are introduced into PET, the higher the barrier properties of the bottle and the more expensive it is. In addition, a large amount of additives leads to clouding of the PET. The golden mean when using PEN as an additive is 8-10%.

Alternative materials
The main alternative material for making a plastic beer bottle is still polyethylene naphthalate. PEN has high barrier and heat-resistant properties (an order of magnitude higher than that of PET), which prolongs the shelf life of beer and allows it to be pasteurized. At the same time, the price for this polymer is still quite high (relative to polyethylene terephthalate), which limits its widespread use. The exceptions are countries where the government encourages brewers to use reusable plastic containers.

In Europe, about 40% of the total number of containers used for bottling beer is a reusable PEN bottle. It is distinguished from a disposable one, first of all, by its heavier weight - about 100 grams. This bottle can be used up to 40 times. With each filling, a special mark is applied to the bottle, due to which the "turnover" of the container is recorded. After applying the last mark, the bottle goes to general recycling. In the European region, the brands "Carlsberg" and "Tuborg" are bottled in reusable PEN bottles.

PRODUCTION OF PET BOTTLES

The increasing use of PET containers as an innovation-driven and future-proof product is in step with the development and deployment of equipment for making and filling plastic bottles. Equipment equipped with such functions and capabilities as fully automated control and rejection, setting and changing all operating parameters for each bottle or its contents, real-time touch control and technical support from the equipment manufacturer via the Internet.

One of the main advantages of PET containers is the simplicity with which a beverage manufacturer can install a line for the production of PET containers directly at his enterprise, and this way significantly reduces the cost of containers and, accordingly, is very attractive for beer and beverage manufacturers. From a fully automated line for the production of bottles, the latter go directly to the filling line. Thus, additional costs and space for storage and transportation are not required, and the manufacturer gets the opportunity to independently determine the parameters of the container (the standard volume is usually from 0.5 to 3 liters) and develop its design. Since PET bottles are very lightweight and non-shattering, they do not require crates. It is quite enough to pack them in plastic wrap with or without a cardboard pallet. This factor leads to further savings on packaging materials, cleaning of containers (boxes), transportation, etc. The sizes of PET bottles are constantly increasing. Bottles for water and vegetable oil these days often reach a capacity of 10 or even 20 liters.

Preforms
PET bottles are manufactured using a process known as internal blow molding ( injection stretch blow molding, ISBM)... This process has become the subject of numerous adjustments and improvements, and thus it is now well understood, understood and well controlled.

ISBM is a two-step process, including the production of a "matrix", that is preforms that looks like a thin glass test tube (phase 1). Then the preform is softened by heating and, with the help of internal pressurization of air, it is made from it. full size bottle (phase 2). The final appearance of the bottle neck is given at the stage of preform manufacturing. Actually, in the future, only the body of the bottle is blown out. A feature of all PET bottles is a neck ring. It is located on the neck of the preform, located slightly below the thread. It allows the preform to be mechanically gripped and transported to the final blowing point, and also facilitates the transportation of the finished bottle.

Preforms are manufactured using multi-cell equipment capable of producing up to 144 preforms in one blowing cycle. The production of preforms is, in fact, a very special area, and numerous specific factors influence the quality of the preform and its ability to turn into a full-fledged PET bottle. However, the number of manufacturers offering standard preforms ready to be made into a standard bottle is very large. There are varieties of preforms with different neck sizes on the market. The most popular among beverage manufacturers are bottles with a neck size of 28 mm (meaning the outer diameter, including the thread - Ed.), However, samples are also produced with a large neck size or with a neck designed for closing with a crown cork. The weight of the preform material is mainly determined by the final capacity of the finished bottle, which will be made from this preform, as well as the thickness of the bottle walls. For several years now, colored preforms have been produced, mainly brown, green and blue. Colorant and additive manufacturers nowadays offer a very wide range of colors, with colorants specially formulated for PET.

There are two types of equipment for the production of PET containers, namely single phase and biphasic. In a single phase process The preform is made from polyethylene terephthalate granules in the same machine, in which the finished bottle is subsequently blown out of it. In fact, in this case, both phases of bottle production are combined in one equipment, so that the preforms are often delivered to the final blowing while still warm.

In a two-phase process The preform is made on one machine and only then transported to blow the bottle to another, which is responsible for the second stage of the process, or placed in a warehouse, where it is stored until it is in demand. This sometimes makes sense, since the preform takes up about 12 times less space than the finished bottle, and besides, it must be borne in mind that the same preform can be used to produce different bottles. Since the second stage of the two-phase process is much shorter than the first, then in this version it is possible to achieve very high productivity of the equipment that produces the final product, if only the corresponding preforms are in abundance. Usually one machine produces 1200-1400 bottles per hour.
The performance of the equipment depends on the number of blowing cells in a particular machine, as well as on the operating cycle time, which in turn is determined by the thickness of the preform walls and the time it cools.

A beverage maker who decides to settle for a two-phase PET bottle manufacturing process can either manufacture preforms in-house or buy them from outside. The second option gives the manufacturer greater flexibility at the initial stage of production, and also relieves him of the need to control the quality of raw materials, to monitor whether it is dry enough and, accordingly, suitable for use. In addition, in the future, he can establish his own production of preforms, if such a need arises. Buying preforms also allows you to vary their types, weights, etc. without the additional time and expense of replacing expensive blowing cells. A beverage manufacturer can choose the bottle preform that best suits their product, whether it's a clear 2L PET bottle for mineral water, a brown colored preform for a half liter beer bottle, or a heavier preform for a soda refill bottle. ... Product changeover is made easier - a factor that, given the significant production volumes, is becoming very significant for many beverage manufacturers.

A wide range of preforms offered on the market drastically simplifies the task of choosing containers for small companies - beverage producers. They can easily purchase the PET, PEN or composite preforms they require. Also offered are multilayer preforms with an inner layer of nylon or other high-strength material, which serves to increase the consumer properties of the bottle. It is even possible to include in the preform a layer of PET that does not come into direct contact with the contents of the bottle, which is sometimes done to reduce raw material costs. The final properties of a particular preform are dictated by a variety of factors, reflecting both the production process and the further fate of the filled bottle on the market. These factors include not only the size and content of the bottle, but also the filling method (hot filling, etc.), the type of neck closure of the corresponding diameter (which can be much larger than the standard 28 mm, for example, for wide-necked PET bottles - up to 60 mm) and the method of storage, depending on the conditions for the functioning of the final product in the consumer market of a particular country, as well as on the structure of the distribution network. Whether a beverage manufacturer has set up production of its own preforms, be it a single-phase or two-phase method, or acquires them on the side, the next step for it will be the production, that is, blowing, of PET bottles as such.

Blowing PET bottles
The internal design and performance of the equipment varies considerably from manufacturer to manufacturer, but the basic principles of its operation remain the same. The choice of this or that equipment is dictated by the necessary and the volume of products, the layout of the equipment at an existing enterprise and, of course, by the price.

The simplest options are hand-loaded machines, in which the preform heater and blower are effectively separate parts. This type of equipment is intended for beverage producers with very small production volumes, since they are quite cheap, but have sufficient productivity, which, as a rule, for machines of this type is 1000-1200 bottles per hour for a unit with two cells for blowing 1-liter bottles ... Features of production may also require equipment, which is an automated line. In this case, from one end of it, the forms are automatically loaded into the machine, and from the other, finished bottles come out, which, again, are automatically fed directly to the filling line. Typically, in units with this configuration, the preform heater is made in the form of a bracket, vertical or horizontal, which is done in order to save space. Rotary machines consist of a constantly moving wheel that guides the preforms through a heating section, from where, after appropriate temperature equalization, they are blown out. Here the preforms are loaded into empty bins as they pass by the transporter, blown through, and the bottles are transported on when the carousel rotates 360 ". The bin is now ready to accept the new preform.

Stages of PET bottle manufacturing

High speed rotary machine
To explore the above three stages of bottle blowing in more depth, let us turn to a modern rotary PET bottle machine. Rotary machines have the advantage of saving production space due to their compactness. The preforms can be loaded from the same side as the finished bottles exit, while the other three sides of the machine remain free for access and inspection. There are also machines into which preforms are fed directly opposite where the bottles come from: such equipment is designed to be included in the chain of automatic production lines. The ability to position the rotary heating section above the blowing section and thus utilize the resource of height, saving space, also speaks in favor of the compact exterior design of this type of equipment.

Process overview
In a conventional high-speed rotary SBM machine, preforms from the main feed hopper are lifted into the distributor, where they automatically take the position required for their entry into the system, and then rise upward along the spiral lifter. The feed spiral positions the preforms correctly and transports them to the main working chamber of the machine, where they are fed to the feed gear. Each preform is gripped by the ring on the neck with special pins and upside down is fed to the heating carousel, which carries them through the heating chamber. There they acquire a temperature that makes them soft enough to further blow into a full-size bottle. Inside the heating chamber, the preforms constantly rotate around their axis in order for the heating to be uniform. After leaving the heating chamber, the heated preforms are left for a certain time to equalize the temperature, and then they are fed into open molds for blowing bottles. These forms are located next to the heating chamber or under it. As soon as the mold is closed, the preform is immediately pulled out and pre-inflated. Stretching is performed mechanically using a special stretching rod, which is inserted into the neck of the future bottle and lowered down towards its bottom. As a result, the softened preform lengthens. The depth of the rod stroke is mechanically adjusted and depends on the size and shape of the future bottle. Then, for a second, the blowing phase continues at very high pressure, during which the bottle takes on its final shape. The stretch rod is removed, the bottle is cooled, after which the mold opens and releases the finished bottle.

Heat
Before the preforms are fed to the heating section, they are checked by an automatic quality control station on the feeding spiral. The neck, further intended for closure with a lid, and the cross-section of the preform are checked. At this stage, preforms with a defective neck or showing insufficient ovality are rejected. During the heating process in a typical SBM machine, preforms, placed on special rods, pass through an infrared heating chamber, in which they acquire the temperature necessary for stretching and blowing. The preforms pass sequentially through a series of heating blocks consisting of infrared heaters with reflective plates to prevent heating of certain areas of the preform. This is especially important because, although the entire preform is heated except for the neck, the blowing process requires different zones of the preform to have different temperatures. Only then will the bottle turn out as planned. The size and shape of the blown bottle are factors that determine the so-called temperature profile, that is, the temperature regime for individual sections of the preform during its transformation into a bottle. Equipment manufacturers must provide sufficient flexibility in temperature settings so that the best bottle quality is obtained at the outlet. In order to vary the temperature profile, each heating block included in the heating chamber is equipped with nine separate heating elements arranged vertically one above the other, which heat different sections of the preform. The degree of their heating is regulated independently of each other from the control panel, which allows the operator not only to set one or another temperature profile, but also to gradually increase the temperature as the preform passes through the heating zone. The area of ​​the preform adjacent to the neck often requires more heat to heat the required temperature than other areas. Thus, the elements "responsible" for this zone should be more powerful and more numerous. The neck, already completely formed at the preform manufacturing stage, is protected from heating by a water-cooled screen. The number of heating blocks and the speed of the preform passing through the heating chamber depends on the number of blow molds in the machine and on the weight of the preforms to be heated. Since PET does not conduct heat well, it is necessary to cool the outer surface of the preform when it is between the heating blocks of the heating chamber. Otherwise, the surface would overheat, which could lead to unwanted crystallization. This intercooling is carried out by means of air pumps located between each heating unit. Thus, on the one hand, the preform is gradually heated, and on the other, its surface is constantly cooled.

Balancing
After heating to correct the temperature profile, the preforms undergo a special stage of processing aimed at balancing the temperature (equilibration). Equilibrium essentially means the PET temperature distribution in direct proportion to the wall thickness. This is an important stage that must be carefully calculated. If the equilibration period is too short, the walls of the bottle will be uneven in thickness. If the period is too long, the carefully calibrated temperature profile will be violated, and in this case, too much heat will enter the neck area, causing the latter to deform during subsequent processing. The bottle is blown at a temperature of about 110 ° C.

Blowing and pulling
The heated preforms are then fed through an inclined feed wheel to the blowing section, which in our case is located directly below the heating section. The feeder ensures that the preforms are correctly positioned in relation to the forms into which they are fed at high speed. The time required to warm up the preform is significantly longer than that required for stretching and blowing. This leads to the fact that there are always more preforms in the heating chamber than in the molds, so a wheeled transporter is a necessary device in a high-speed SBM machine.

"Classic" PET bottle mold
Consists of three parts: two side walls that open in a vertical plane and a base that moves up and down. As soon as the preform is in the appropriate position, the form is closed. The movable base (bottom) moves up, and the walls are closed around it. All this happens at the same time: the three component parts are connected tightly. At the same time, the stretch bar begins its downward movement. Since it is in the position required to start stretching the preform, the moment the mold collapses, the cycle time is shorter and heat loss is reduced. The preform is stretched vertically and pre-blown at a pressure of 25 bar. The bottle is blown out at this stage to 80-90% of its full size. Since it is very important not to damage the neck, the machines are equipped with special nozzles through which air is supplied. They are made in the form of a bell and protect the neck and the adjacent part from damage. A high (40 bar) pressure is then applied and at this stage the bottle takes on its final shape. By pressing against the cold walls of the mold, the bottle cools down, becomes rigid enough and is thus ready to immediately leave the mold when it opens. To avoid distortion of the walls, the pressure inside the bottle is stabilized before the mold opens.

"Relaxation"
After cooling and during storage, PET bottles shrink slightly, so the machine controls the degree of bottle cooling by heating the mold. This is done so that the material "rests" and the bottles are further compressed less intensively. This minimizes the difference in size between bottles released at different times, which is important when filling: the difference in the size of the filled bottles can cause unforeseen difficulties in the operation of the filling equipment. In machines where this function is provided, the mold transporter is insulated to conserve energy. SBM machines are available in numerous varieties, including those with a rotary mechanism, have from 6 to 24 molds for blowing bottles and produce an average of 1,200 bottles per hour per mold. The maximum capacity of the machine with 24 molds is 33,600 bottles per hour. Productivity, of course, depends on the size of the bottle being blown, as it takes longer to make the larger bottle. A conventional SBM machine is capable of producing bottles from 0.25L to 2.5-3L without any additional conversion.

Quick change of forms
The machine we have chosen as an example, like most SBM machines, uses standard three-part molds that are mounted on a mold transporter and can be quickly replaced with others designed to produce other bottles. The pull rod is controlled by a template and its stroke depth can be easily changed depending on the mold depth. It is estimated that a 10-mold SBM machine can be converted to a different type of bottle within 30 minutes by three technicians. During this time, all necessary settings are changed. Even if a completely different bottle with a different neck shape is supposed to be produced, the changeover will not take more than an hour.

Control
The operation of all the important elements of both the rotary machine described above and the "linear" machine, such as the blowing section, the heating wheel, the preform conveyor and the mechanism that feeds heated preforms from the heating chamber to the bottle blowing section, must be clearly synchronized using a single control systems. It is also necessary that each of these elements can be removed independently of the others for service and changeover. This mechanism is especially important for rotary machines. The machine is controlled using a touch panel. In modern machines, as a rule, the settings for the different types of bottle are stored in memory and can be immediately activated with a simple push of a button. Naturally, in the process of operation, the equipment is slightly degraded, but the parameters of heating and blowing are automatically brought to normal mode. The monitoring system constantly monitors the operation of the machine, signaling the operator about any malfunctions. The removal of defective preforms is also carried out automatically, and it is carried out without stopping the machine. If the mold remains empty due to the removal of the preform, no pressure is applied to it, as in the case when the mold did not close correctly. The sensor control system can be electronically protected from unauthorized access.

Transport lines for bottles
So, the bottle is made and, thus, is ready for further use - bottling. PET bottles are very light and therefore unstable without being filled with contents. Naturally, this property was taken into account by equipment manufacturers when designing lines that supply empty containers for filling. The light weight of the bottles allows them to be carried during filling by the ring on the neck, which minimizes the need for adjusting the equipment, since the filling height can be calculated from the neck of the bottle to the clamp on the neck, and this distance remains unchanged for all bottles of a given batch. In addition, empty bottles can be moved not only with conventional conveyor lines, but also with air. In the latter case, bottle instability is not a problem. Empty bottles slide along low-friction rails, being "supported" by the air flow by the neck ring. The rails are shaped so that air can flow along them. The jet of air raises the ring on the neck of the light PET bottle and sets the required direction for the transported container. The advantage of this transportation method is that the bottle does not come into contact with the sides of the conveyor belt. Today, this method of transportation is used in most of the manufactured and operated equipment.

PET BOTTLE RECYCLING

In Europe, the recycling of PET bottles is on a state basis. For the CIS countries, the disposal of used PET containers is an environmental problem. Although the PET bottle is environmentally friendly, PET releases a large amount of carcinogens when burned. A safer and much more profitable solution is to recycle used PET containers. In England today 70% of PET bottles are recycled, in Germany - 80-85%, in Sweden - 90-95% (this is the highest rate in Europe). The principle of state regulation of PET packaging processing is that its producers pay a special tax, which includes the cost of future processing. The state finances utilization from this money. It can cost up to £ 50 million to build one recycling plant. The recycling process includes mechanical disposal (crushing) and chemical disposal (the crushed parts decompose into their constituent parts). Each of the components obtained undergoes a purification step. The process of obtaining secondary PET is completed by granulation. The resulting granulate has a lower viscosity than the primary one, that is, its quality is already lower. Such PET granulate is used in various fields - in the production of preforms, it is allowed to add up to 5-10% of secondary raw materials, it also makes good raw materials for the textile industry, the manufacture of tiles, Euro pallets, cotton wool. After the addition of fiberglass, recycled PET is used to produce abrasive wheels for grinding and polishing. Ford casts engine covers for trucks, and Toyota casts panels, bumpers, and doors for cars from polymer compositions containing recycled PET.

In the post-Soviet territory, PET bottles are not massively disposed of. So far, only isolated attempts have been made to produce paving slabs from recycled PET, and technologies have been developed (but not implemented) for the production of various insulation and building materials from recycled polyethylene terephthalate.

Based on materials from the magazine "Beer Business" and "Industrial Encyclopedia"

How nice it is to open a bottle of cold drink on a hot day! It doesn't matter which one, just to quench your thirst. Someone likes Cola, someone beer, someone ordinary lemonade. Drinks in glass bottles are so common that few people ask questions about the history of the glass bottle.

The first glass bottle dates from 1370 BC. It was found by archaeologists during excavations of the Egyptian Tel Amarna. This vessel was cylindrical in shape with a narrow neck. Scientists have identified the technology for making the first glass bottles - this is a method of molding quartz sand followed by firing. These bottles were expensive and rare.

The development of bottle technology took place in the 1st century BC. The first bottle made by blowing molten glass was found in Phenicia. Samples found later showed that there were then standards for making bottles. These standards dealt with volume and shape. Roman bottles had a clear standard and were branded with the imperial brand. Most likely, the empire held a monopoly on the production of bottles.

The method of blowing glass for the mass production of bottles has been used for a very long time. Phoenicians, Romans, Europeans after the Crusades - this is how bottle production spread throughout the world. It took humanity twenty centuries to come up with a serial production of these dishes in automatic mode. Now they produce several types of bottles for wines, cognacs and drinks. There are international standards for medical bottles.
All modern production of cheap tableware was made possible by the invention of the bottle machine by the American inventor Michael Owens. He invented an automatic machine that fed molten glass through 6 sleeves. The molten glass was pumped into the mold using a vacuum pump. Owens received a patent for his invention in 1903. Five years later, Owens 'patent became the property of the German factory owners' union in order to bury the mass production of bottles forever. German manufacturers did not want to lose fabulous profits from artisanal glass-blowing production. Their venture failed.

Many businesses started making their own vacuum vending machines and producing beverage bottles on a large scale. The need for large quantities appeared with the invention of metal bottle caps, which allow preserving drinks for a long time under high pressure.

With these inventions of the automatic bottle machine and metal caps, the bottle has firmly established itself on store shelves and in our refrigerators for a century. Of course, glass containers lost ground a little with the introduction of food-grade plastic. But we will not see the decline of automatic bottle production for a long time. It is possible that it will be with our descendants.

« Veselovka orta zhpy bilim mektebi "KMM

KSU "Veselovskaya secondary educational school"

Prepared by the pupils of the pre-school preparation class.

Head: Lavrukhina Irina Alexandrovna

Creative project "New life of a plastic bottle"

I Introduction.

II Main part.

2.Ecological problems associated with plastic bottles.

3. New life of a plastic bottle.

4. Practical work.

III Conclusion.

I Introduction.

Relevance of the project:

42 years ago, mankind invented the plastic bottle. The first samples weighed 135 g (96% more than now). She now weighs 69 grams. NowadaysMillions of bottles are produced and discarded annually... And every year, waste from plastic bottles is growing, due to the fact that there is an increasing number of products that are packaged in plastic bottles. The huge amount of garbage on the streets of the city makes you think about the question: why do we need a plastic bottle?

Research problem lies in the contradiction between the positive properties of a plastic bottle for the manufacturer and those environmental problems that arise as a result of environmental pollution with waste that does not decompose for centuries.

Objectives of the project : study and research of the value of a plastic bottle in human life and nature. Give new life to a plastic bottle by making a homemade craft from it.

Project objectives:

1.Find out the history of the creation and use of plastic bottles.

2. To study the environmental problems associated with plastic bottles.

3. Find a useful use for a plastic bottle by making a craft out of it.

4. To interest those around you with the possibilities of creating many interesting and useful things from plastic bottles.

Hypothesis:

We think that learning to recycle plastic bottles can help reduce the amount of waste in nature.

Significance and applied value of the work: to learn to respect the environment around us, to expand knowledge about the history of things.

Expected Result:

We will find out who invented plastic bottles and when;

Let's find out whether they bring benefit or harm;

Let's invent a new life for them.

II Main part.

Before starting the work, we found answers to our questions.

1. The history of the emergence of a plastic bottle.
In the course of our work, we found out that in the modern world no one is surprised by the appearance of a plastic bottle. Such bottles, as a rule, have a large volume compared to glass bottles and are safer due to their elasticity. The first Pepsi plastic bottle hit the US market in 1970. On the territory of Kazakhstan, plastic bottles gained popularity after Western corporations Coca-Cola and PepsiCo entered the market of soft drinks. The first plant for the production of lemonade in plastic bottles in the USSR was opened by the PepsiCo company in 1974 in Novorossiysk. Nowadays, plastic bottles are used not only by manufacturers of carbonated drinks and beer, but also by manufacturers of dairy and fermented milk products and cosmetic and perfumery factories.
2.Ecological issues associated with plastic bottles.
Our mothers remember the time when glass bottles were collected and handed over to stores in exchange for money, and these bottles were taken away for processing and making new bottles. And now? Now glass and plastic bottles litter our streets! And not only! The accumulation of bottles on the planet is already forming real floating continents in the oceans. Scientists are sounding the alarm. According to the World Wildlife Fund, these debris accumulations pose a great threat to living organisms. Used bottles are a big environmental problem for the environment. After all, the disintegration time of a glass bottle takes 1 million years, and a plastic bottle takes from 500 to 1000 years.
Once upon a time, serious hopes were pinned on plastic: it does not rot, does not corrode. But today, its durability and practicality are becoming a headache for those involved in the disposal of household waste.
The only correct way out is separate garbage collection. If collected separately, plastic can be used as a secondary raw material for the production of various useful gizmos.

People are already tired of the plastic waste they create themselves. The creation of plastic packaging has solved many problems, but it has generated just as much. The garbage that our fathers left at resting places has long turned into dust, and our plastic bottles will be seen even by our great-great-grandchildren, because they are "eternal".

3.New life of plastic bottle.

These facts do not allow many people to sleep peacefully, and they come up with very original ways to use bottles on the farm. Birdhouses, mousetraps, funnels and seedling pots are made from bottles. They are hung on the fence as a scarecrow from crows, and also used as waterproof caps on the tops of poles. In Kazakhstan, washstands are made from a plastic bottle, and in Indonesia, stabilizers are used to stabilize fishing boats. In Mongolia, they are burned as sacrifices to spirits. In third world countries, where common European dishes and containers are rare, plastic containers are in significant demand. In Ethiopia, used bottles are sold directly in the markets. In African countries, sandals are made from flattened 1.5-liter bottles.

We found many sites where people share their inventions and bottle crafts. Here's what we found.

The bottles are an eco-friendly solar water heater.

A Chinese farmer placed 66 bottles on the roof of his house, connecting them with a simple tube system. Bottled water heats up almost instantly and enters the house.

Hot water is enough for three family members of an enterprising Chinese man to take a hot shower. The neighbors liked the invention so much that they immediately decided to use this idea.

Fantastic plastic ship

A team of French explorers is set to sail from San Francisco to Australia (18,000 km) on an 18-meter vessel made entirely of plastic bottles (excluding sail masts). The construction of the yacht took 16,000 two liter plastic bottles, which were filled with dry ice (for hardening).

A new unique and economical way to glaze a greenhouse at his summer cottage was invented by a Russian.

We loved the plastic bottle fence.

There is a wonderful artist Galiya Petrova, who creates real works of art.

4. Practical work.

Having studied all the questions of interest to us, we decided to make different crafts from plastic bottles: an airplane, a boat, pencil cups, vases with flowers, a needle case, a tree, a man.

It took 24 plastic bottles to make our crafts.

We decided to conduct a sociological survey at our school.

Purpose: to find out what goods in plastic packaging are purchased, used and where the packaging goes.

37 families took part in the survey. The survey participants were asked the following questions:

1.Do you buy products with plastic packaging?

Yes - 32 people No - 5 people

2.Where do you dispose of plastic bottles after use?

Throwing away - 22 people

We burn - 10 people

We use in the farm - 5 people

3.If you don't throw it away, how do you use the plastic bottles?

For seedlings - 5 people.

The survey showed that families of students in our school buy food in plastic packaging and in most cases they throw away or burn the packaging, as well as use it in the household.

III Conclusion.

As a result of the work done, we found out the history of the emergence of plastic bottles. It is convenient to use, due to such properties as lightness, elasticity, strength, and therefore takes an increasing place in human life, but it cannot be destroyed after use.

If you learn to reuse plastic bottles, making very beautiful, original and useful things from them, you can reduce the amount of waste in nature. Thus, to solve one of the environmental problems - waste disposal.

IV List of sources used.

1. An entertaining book of knowledge in questions and answers / per. from English M. Benkovskaya and others. - M .: MAKHAON, 2012. - 160 p.

2. Illustrated encyclopedia of why / per. from English Kabanova. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2008 .-- 210 p.

3. Kamerilova G.S. Ecology of the city. - M .: Bustard, 2010 .-- 287 p.

4. Katsura A.V. Otarashvili Z.A. Environmental challenge: will humanity survive? - M .: MZ Press, 2005 .-- 80 p.

5. Rozanov L.L. Geoecology. - M .: Ventana-Graf, 2006 .-- 320 p.

6. Sadovnikova L.K. Biosphere: pollution, degradation, protection: A Brief Explanatory Dictionary. - M .: Higher school, 2007 .-- 125 p.

7. Universal illustrated encyclopedia of why and why: for very curious children / (Keith Woodward and others) / trans. from English I. Alcheva and others. - M .: Astrel, 2012 .-- 110 p.

8. What? What for? Why? Big Book of Questions and Answers / Translated from Spanish. - M .: Eksmo, 2012 .-- 512 p.