Alcohol is poison even in small quantities. Unfortunately, the celebration does not take place without the use of alcoholic beverages. People believe that no event, be it New Year or birthday, can not be celebrated without alcohol. Even the usual purchase of any thing is not without its participation. What to say about the fact that outdoor recreation is not perceived by most people, if not accompanied by kebabs and strong drinks. All this reveals the most dangerous side of alcohol: its psychological impact on the minds of the population. Universal use of alcohol does not allow people to understand that this product is, in fact, a poison that slowly kills, disabling all the organs in turn.

The text of the GOST suggests that ethyl alcohol is a narcotic with a pronounced effect, which initially leads to arousal, and after paralysis of the nerves.

Absolutely all alcohol contains ethyl in its composition. Its presence in the composition of the product explains the narcotic effect, which turns on the person.

Ethyl has a detrimental effect on cell wall permeability. This explains the negative impact on health. Interacting with lipids and causing them to damage, alcohol prevents the penetration of a number of vital enzymes and substances into the cells. Lack of nutrients leads to malfunction of cells, which, in turn, adversely affects the body, which consists of them.

At the same time, alcohol increases the penetrating properties of the blood-brain barrier, creating favorable conditions for the penetration of various substances into the brain from the blood. These substances include both the alcohol itself and its incomplete decomposition products, which are characterized by toxic properties.

Interacting with various amino acids, ethanol forms ethers. Because of this, the human body is deprived of a certain proportion of building material, protein synthesis is partially suspended.

One of the properties of ethyl is active interaction with water. Alcohol, when it enters the body, actively binds water molecules, dehydrating tissues and cells, and disrupts metabolism.

Acetaldehyde is a toxic substance, in its performance superior to the negative effect of alcohol. It is formed by the decomposition of alcohol in the liver. Acetaldehyde, penetrating through the walls of blood vessels in the blood, interacts with hormones. At the same time, psychotropic compounds are formed. It is they who cause so characteristic of intoxication euphoria. However, when the dose is exceeded, it is replaced by psychosis.

When alcohol enters the body, an immediate toxic effect is triggered. An hour later, the blood is already saturated with poison. With the bloodstream poison will enter the organs. Maximum doses of alcohol are concentrated in the brain, a little smaller amount is delivered to the liver and kidneys. Only up to 9% of the generally accepted volume of ethanol can be excreted by the body in an unchanged state. The rest of the alcohol will be involved in metabolic processes, which would entail poisoning by its decomposition products.

Negative influence

Under absolutely all organs suffer.

Most sensitive to alcohol:

• nerves;
• stomach and intestines;
• heart and vessels.

Once in the body, ethanol primarily affects the cells of the stomach. After processing and absorption, alcohol penetrates into the blood, and then, with its current, into all other organs.

Alcohol has a certain negative effect on every organ. Poison enters the body, makes a certain way.

Stomach and intestines

For penetration into the bloodstream, alcohol does not need any specific enzymes, it also does not need digestive juices. It invariably penetrates through the walls of the stomach and enters the blood. In some quantities with the bloodstream, alcohol penetrates the liver, where it is recycled. However, most of it enters the other vital organs and harms them. From the speed of penetration of alcohol into the blood depends on the rate of intoxication of a person.

In the intestine, alcohol is absorbed much faster than in the stomach. It is believed that if accompanied by alcohol intake of food, the impact of alcohol will not be so detrimental to the body. This is actually a myth. In the stomach, alcohol, mixed with food, remains for a long time, until the complete breakdown of the products and until they are released into the intestine. Alcohol drunk does not disappear anywhere and is not eliminated from the body. In the intestine, it begins to be absorbed and into the bloodstream.

Poison, acting on the gastrointestinal tract, causes its swelling. If a long time to drink alcohol, even in small quantities, it is likely the occurrence of mucosal atrophy, gastritis, duodenitis. In addition, diarrhea becomes a constant companion of a person who consumes alcohol. It is caused by increased intestinal motility.

When alcohol enters the pancreas, its tissues are affected, pancreatitis develops. In inflammatory processes in the gland, insulin production is significantly impaired.

Most of the absorbed ethanol enters the liver for neutralization and processing. Liver cells, actively engaged in the decomposition of alcohol can not cope with their main task. For this reason, hepatocytes accumulate lipids and after a certain period they are reborn into fat cells. Such a pathology leads to cirrhosis and fatty degeneration.

Vessels and heart

Poison, penetrating into the blood, provokes agglutination and disrupts blood formation. If the hard drinking lasts a long time, the composition of the blood changes significantly. At the same time, red blood cells no longer cope with their main function - oxygen transfer, hypoxia occurs. The brain suffers primarily from oxygen starvation, but the work of other organs also deteriorates significantly.

In chronic alcoholism, the following changes are observed in the composition of the blood:

1. The number of leukocytes decreases, as their formation is suppressed;
2. Granulocytes are not mobile.

All this leads to a decrease in the body's defensive reaction to antigens. Immunity weakens, a person becomes susceptible to all sorts of infections.

When ethyl enters the heart, it lowers blood pressure, reduces the contractile ability of the heart muscle. At the same time, there is an accelerated heartbeat, which provokes an increase in oxygen consumption, the transfer of which, in turn, is extremely difficult.

With the constant use of alcohol in small quantities, the pressure increases, hypertension occurs. If alcohol is taken in large quantities, then cardiomyopathy is formed. It is characterized by arrhythmia, heart failure, reduced left ventricular function.

During the day after consuming a large dose of alcohol-containing beverages, there is a risk of circulatory disorders in the brain. The poison causes the formation of blood clots, which leads to an increased risk of stroke.

Other organs

The nervous system is sensitive to alcohol. Poison causes arousal in neurons. With prolonged poisoning with ethyl, a weakening of the excitation processes is observed. The respiratory center, the cortex of the brain is oppressed. A pronounced narcotic effect can be observed in individuals who frequently abuse alcohol-containing beverages.

Having infiltrated the reproductive system, alcohol interferes with the formation of germ cells. If alcohol acts on the fetus, the likelihood of congenital diseases and deformities. A lactating woman who consumes alcohol contributes to the formation of developmental defects in her child.

Acetaldehyde is a breakdown product of ethanol that can damage DNA, which can cause growth of tumors. The carcinogenic effect is observed when taking very small amounts of alcohol.

Poison even in small amounts

Depending on the doses of alcohol consumed, only the severity of symptoms differs, but they are present in any case. The narcotic effect is noticeable when drinking any amount of alcohol:

Up to 1.4 ppm

• euphoria;
• disturbed attention;
• poor coordination;
• redness of the skin;
• increased heart rate;
• increased salivation.

Up to 2.4 ppm

• decrease in thought processes;
• unclear speech;
• reduced attention;
• increased aggressiveness;
• desensitization;
• staggering gait;
• pallor of the skin;
• vomiting reflex.

Up to 4 ppm

• loss of consciousness with no response to pain;
• constriction of the pupils;
• possible death.

After poisoning, there is a worsening of general well-being, a breakdown of body systems.

Shevelev Ilya Aleksandrovich

The paper presents the results of the study of literature and experimental studies of the harm of ethanol to the human body. The material is presented scientifically, but at the same time emotionally, with interesting horrific facts of ethanol harm to every cell of the living. The conclusions were drawn and the poster "Ethanol - deadly poison!"

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Shevelev Ilya's research work,

student of grade 11 MOU "Vilegodskaya secondary school."

Leader - chemistry teacher T.A. Nepeina

The topic "Ethanol - poison?"

1. Introduction

“Ethanol is a drug! Ethanol is poison! ”- these frightening exclamations from the media are constantly heard. But, despite the widespread propaganda of the harm of alcohol to humans, a large number of people ignore the warnings: they continue to receive temporary pleasure. Maybe ethanol is not poison? Maybe there is a lot of benefit from alcohol: fun, easy communication, new acquaintances and connections? .. And what is its “poisonousness”? I decided to conduct a study of ethanol in order to identify the causes of toxicity and draw conclusions about whether it causes harm to the human body.

Relevance : Evidence of the harmful effects of ethanol on the human body, as one of the ways to prevent alcoholism, is still relevant.It is terrible that 95% of the Russian population has a positive attitude towards alcohol, i.e. allows for a certain amount and quality of alcohol in a particular situation (New Year, birthday, wedding, etc.).

Problem:   How to prove the toxic effects of ethanol on the human body?

Theme: "Ethanol - poison?"

Subject of study:ethanol and its harmful effects on cells, the internal organs of a living organism.

Object of study:  toxic substances.

Objective:   identifying the causes of toxicity and forecast the effects of ethanol on the human body.

Tasks of work:

* find in the sources of information and analyze data on the causes of the toxic effects of ethanol on the human body, on the consequences of this exposure;

* conduct a survey of schoolchildren and the public about testing knowledge of the harm and causes of the negative effect of ethanol on the human body;

* choose the method and explore the characteristics of the properties and the toxic effects of alcohol on protein molecules, enzymes, organs of a living organism;

* formulate and draw conclusions about the toxic effects of ethanol at different levels of the organization of living, bring them to the public and schoolchildren.

Hypothesis:   Assuming that ethanol is a poison, then it is possible to experimentally prove its toxicity and save at least a few people from the influence of this poison.

Research methods:  literature analysis, testing, ethanol research and its effect on cells, organs and organ systems according to the methods proposed by A.I. Plakhov (Bryansk State University. IG Petrovsky), working with Internet resources.

Analysis of literature on the topic. The most detailed material is presented for ethanol toxicity reasons by M.Yu. Burykin. and S.N. Sazonov in the book “Dependent behavior. Causes, mechanisms, ways to overcome. " The concept of poisons, the special properties of ethanol and its influence on the cells of the human body is also given here. The structure of ethanol and its physicochemical properties are well examined in the Applicant’s Handbook (by OO Maksimenko). In the book Kutsenko S.A. "Fundamentals of toxicology" are given the concept of toxicity and considered the chemistry of the interaction of a toxicant and a biological object at the molecular level. We have been able to find methods for studying ethanol and its effects on cells and organs on Internet sites.

Testing of the population and schoolchildren about testing knowledge of ethanol harm and the reasons for the negative impact on the human body. It turned out that the majority of respondents are aware of the harm, the narcotic effect of ethanol, but do not know the reasons for its toxicity (Appendix 1).

2.Main part

Section 1

Chapter 1. Mechanisms of the toxic action of ethanol

Poison (in the dictionary Dahl) - any substance, suicidal or harmful.Poisons include alcohol, nicotine, heroin and others. The World Health Organization (WHO), the highest authority in world medicine, at the 28th session, decided to consider alcohol and nicotine to be potent drugs that are in the first group of problems for easy accessibility for the population and a relatively low price.

Poisons are chemicals with toxicity, whereby their contact with biological systems can have detrimental effects on the body.

Toxicity (according to Ushakov) - the ability of some chemical compounds and substances to have a harmful effect on the human body, animals and plants.

The direct toxic effect of ethanol is based on its ability to exert a membranotropic and conformational effect, as well as on the ability to directly interact with fatty acids.

The membrane action of ethanol is determined by its effect on biological membranes. By taking ethanol in various forms, we dissolve the fatty basis of the membranes of thousands of cells in our body, destroying them. This type of cell destruction is called protoplasmic.

The conformational action is expressed in the ability of ethanol to directly affect the conformation of protein molecules, disrupting their ability to function.

The mediated toxic effect of ethanol is manifested in its action on erythrocytes, which are glued together to form a thrombus. A thrombus overlaps the capillary, depriving the cell of oxygen. First of all, the most sensitive cells of our body, the nervous cells, die from oxygen starvation. This type of cell destruction is called neurotropic.

The mediated toxic effect of ethanol is also associated with an increase in energy, contributing to an increase in body weight, with the systematic use of alcohol in small doses.

With the use of alcohol in large quantities significantly reduced intake of substances, which leads to the development of food deficiency. The ethanol entering the body is almost completely biotransformed: it is oxidized to acetaldehyde in the liver to form carbon dioxide and water. Acetaldehyde is 30 times more toxic than ethanol. It interacts with many proteins, after which they are no longer able to perform their functions.

The proof that acetaldehyde is formed in the body of an alcoholic with a strong odor is interesting information on this topic. Forensic experts often have to give an opinion on the state of intoxication of the detected corpse. According to the instructions, the conclusion is given as follows: a sharp smell from the mouth - drank no more than two hours ago; smell from an open stomach - no more than 4 hours; open colon odor - no more than 16 hours; Smell from an open skull - no more than 28 days.

When acetaldehyde is oxidized, acetic acid is formed, which enhances the synthesis of fatty acids, which leads to fatty degeneration of the liver. In tissues and organs, acetaldehyde is able to form substances of psychotropic action, causing mutations and various deformities in embryos.

According to the conducted research, an hour after taking 100 grams of alcohol in a man changes 30% of the genetic structure of DNA. Imagine the health of a conceived mutant child after a merry drunken wedding, which "was not enough space and land." Moreover, it is practically impossible for this child to change and correct the inherent distortions in the future. It looks like a skyscraper under construction on a rotten foundation. Conception of a healthy child is possible only with the exclusion of alcohol by parents for at least 2 years to 3 years (Appendix 2).

Ethanol is a neurotropic, protoplasmic poison that affects all human organs, destroying their structures at the cellular and molecular levels.

Chapter 2. The effect of ethanol on the organs and systems of human organs

The organ that distinguishes us from the rest of the animal world is the human brain. 18 billion nerve cells connected by tens of kilometers of nerve tissue. The brain concentrates in itself30% of all alcohol drunk by a person in the cerebellum and frontal lobes. Hence, a person containing ethanol, there is a violation of the coordination of movement and speech, irresponsibility and immoral behavior. Ethanol, getting to the brain, is stored there for a long time - up to 28 days. He drank two glasses of vodka a month and thought that he lived with a blocked mind. And if 18 billion of nerve cells cannot be drunk practically, then 900 million is quite realistic, before living on reflexes. As a result, man degrades as a rational being.

In medicine, there is a term: "Shriveled brain." Here is a description of the cerebral cortex of the deceased “jolly” and “joker”, which, according to friends and even the doctor, drank “culturally”: Under the microscope, voids filled with serous fluid are visible. The patient only seemed to be a careless humorist, a merry fellow, but he was also a weak-minded one, for such a defeat of the frontal lobes with alcohol could not fail to affect his intellect. ”

Under the influence of ethanol, heart attacks, strokes, cardiovascular insufficiency, cardiac arrest are caused.

Ethanol acts on the nervous system: it destroys the membranes of neurons, accumulates inhibitory mediators in the brain.

Violations of the gastrointestinal tract are manifested by acute pain in the stomach and diarrhea. Pain in the stomach caused by damage to the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine. Diarrhea is a consequence of impaired absorption of water and electrolytes from the small intestine.

Liver cells die under the action of ethanol, in their place a scar is formed of connective tissue that does not perform the functions of the liver. The ability of the liver to preserve vitamin A decreases, and other metabolic disorders are observed.

The fatal dose of ethanol in a single dose is from 4 to 12 g / kg body weight (an average of 300 ml of 96% ethanol in the absence of tolerance to it).

Ethanol - poison! The consequences of prolonged exposure to ethanol are impaired activity of all organs and in general the destruction of the human body, leading to death.

Chapter 3. The causes of the toxic action of ethanol

An analysis of the sources of literature and chemical knowledge can identify a number of causes of ethanol toxicity.

First, the toxicity of ethanol is related to its structure. Chemical formula - C2 H 5 OH. This is a complex substance with weakly polar covalent bonds. Ethanol molecules are small (relative molecular weight is 18) and dissolve well in water (due to the presence of hydroxyl groups) and in fats (due to the presence of non-polar hydrocarbon radicals). The water solubility and liquid state of ethanol is explained by the ability of alcohol molecules to give special hydrogen bonds with each other and with water molecules (bonds between positively polarized hydrogen atoms of water or alcohol with negatively polarized oxygen atoms of water or alcohol).

Secondly, the toxicity of ethanol is associated with the chemical properties of ethanol. Ethanol is easily oxidized to aldehyde and carboxylic acid. Ethanol enters the esterification reaction with high molecular weight carboxylic acids to form esters.

Thirdly, the appearance of specific properties of ethanol (alcohol) in the body: a reflex - a protective reaction of the body from the effects of ethanol on the part of the immune system, i.e. his rejection in the form of vomiting and a decrease in the concentration of alcohol through salivation (perceived by alcohol drinkers as an appetite enhancing reflex).

Toxicity - the destruction of the body and poisoning by decay products of ethanol. Narcotic property - ethanol is included in the body's metabolism, i.e. the body's dependence on artificial pleasure hormones as analogues of its own endomorphins. However, our body is a self-regulating system, when something is plentiful, its production stops. Since exogenous alcohol is eliminated from the body, there comes a time when there is no endorphin of its own, but no external one. This condition is called hungover. And then be patient until your hormones of pleasure begin to be produced, or add more alcohol, which leads to alcohol addiction.

The mutagenic property is a violation of the genetic code, the state of DNA, the destruction of the most evolutionarily perfect fragments of the human structure (Appendix 3).

Section 2

Chapter 1. The study of ethanol and its effects on cells

organs and organ systems

I conducted a study of ethanol and its effects on cells, organs and organ systems according to the methods proposed by graduate student A.I. Plakhov (Bryansk State University named after IG Petrovsky).

Study of the physical properties of ethanol:

Colour determined visually in vitro on a white background.

Ethanol is a colorless liquid.

Smell determined organoleptic by.

Ethanol has a peculiar smell.

Solubility:   10 ml of yellow-colored water (chemical glass No. 1) and 10 ml of yellowish vegetable oil (liquid fat in glass No. 2) were added with the same amount of alcohol. The contents of glasses 1 and 2 are evenly colored.

Conclusion:   ethanol is a colorless liquid with a peculiar odor, it dissolves well in water and dissolves fats.

Investigation of the effect of ethanol on cells, organs and organ systems:

Experience 1.   Effect of ethanol on the activity of saliva enzymes

In three numbered tubes poured 2 ml of saliva solution (diluted 1: 1, containing the enzyme amylase), added 2 ml of liquid starch paste. I added brown alcohol solution of iodine to all tubes. The contents of the tube number 2 heated to a temperature of 37 -39 degrees, and ethanol was added to the tube number 3. Observed blue staining in test tube No. 1 and partial blue in test tube No. 3.

Findings:   amylase is not active at room temperature (starch is present in test tube number 1); in the second test tube, when heated, amylase contributed to the breakdown of starch, so no changes were observed. Partial blue in the third tube indicates a decrease in enzyme activity under the action of alcohol.

Experience 2.   Effects of ethanol on the liver

I poured 5 ml of ethanol into a test tube and put a piece of fresh chicken liver in it. After 3 minutes, he observed a change in the color of the dark brown liver to white.

Conclusion:   ethanol destroys red blood cells and liver tissue cells (burns, welds).

Experience 3.   Effect of ethanol on the cardiovascular system

In the test tube poured 2 ml of potassium dichromate, acidified with two drops of sulfuric acid, added to it the same amount of ethanol. Put a piece of chicken heart into it. After 5 minutes, I observed a change in the color of the tissues of the heart, the appearance of a strong smell.

Conclusion:   ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde and destroys the elastic structure of the heart muscle.

Experience 4.   Effects of ethanol on the reproductive system

In 3 test tubes poured 4 ml of chicken protein solution(it is known that the cytoplasm of germ cells contains a significant amount of protein). Test tube No. 1 was left for control, test tube No. 2 was heated to boiling, ethanol was added to test tube No. 3. White precipitation appeared in test tube number 2 and 3. Then 3 ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution and 3 drops of 1% copper (II) sulfate solution (biuret reaction to protein) were added to all three tubes. Observed the appearance of purple color only in the test tube number 1.

Conclusion: ethanol, like heat, destroys protein.

Experience 5.   The effect of ethanol on the stomach

In two glasses poured equally ethanol, in a glass number 2 added a little salt. Dip a piece of chicken's stomach into each tube. After 5 minutes, he observed a change in the coloration of pinkish muscle fibers to white in both glasses, and in microscope no. 2 microlobes also appeared on the tissues of the stomach.

Conclusion:   ethanol destroys the fibers of the stomach (protein is denaturing). Table salt enhances this process (Appendix 4).

Experimentally, I proved that ethanol destroys the contents of cells, tissues, organs and the whole living organism.

3. Conclusion

As a result of analyzing the sources of information, I learned about the causes of ethanol toxicity. Due to its special structure (hydrophilic hydroxyl group and lipophilic radical, polarity of bonds), ethanol has physical (low mass, solubility in water and fats) and chemical (oxidation, esterification) properties that contribute to the rapid penetration of alcohol into all cells, interaction with the substances contained in the cytoplasm of cells and extracellular substance.

Experimentally, I confirmed the theoretical data on the toxicity of ethanol. Ethanol destroys proteins, fats, erythrocytes, enzymes, germ cells, tissues of organs that are important for the normal functioning of the body. It has toxicity, by virtue of which ethanol has detrimental effects on the body. Thus, I proved that ethanol is a neurotropic, protoplasmic poison that affects the substances of the cell and all human organs, destroying their structures at the cellular and molecular levels.

I created the poster “Ethanol - Deadly Poison!” And posted copies of it in public places of our village. The harm of ethanol is proven. If you want to live happily ever after, give up the ingestion of this poison! To drink or not to drink, to live or to exist - the choice is yours! (Appendix 5)

The work on determining the causes of ethanol toxicity was very interesting and useful. This is evidenced by feedback from teachers and schoolchildren about my work. There are still a lot of questions related to alcoholism, to which I would like to find answers.

And he continues to live, he loses his mind, because when the brain is inactive, the source of thought dries up.

In antiquity, as is known, they fought against drunkenness not only by legislative means. Roman poets have also contributed a lot to this. For example, Propertius, who lived in the I century BC. O., is expressed very strictly: "Oh, damn the one who first squeezed out of the bunch of grapes and who poured seductive nectar into clear water!"

There is, perhaps, no such organ in the human body, on which alcohol would not act in a destructive way. In alcoholics, the activity of the brain, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys is seriously disturbed, and the metabolism is upset.

Why is Bacchus portrayed as fat and effeminate? It turns out that the god of wine paid for this with infirmity.

Since it is easily dissolved in water, it is immediately absorbed by the digestive tract and is carried along with the blood throughout the body. The penetration of alcohol into the blood can slow down if there is food in the stomach. But even with exactly the same conditions, in some people alcohol quickly penetrates into the circulatory organs, and in others - slowly. This difference is to some extent due to heredity.

When alcohol is distributed to all tissues of the body, the body begins to eliminate it in various ways. . The same thing happens in the kidneys. Only 10 percent of alcohol is excreted by the respiratory organs, as well as with urine.

In humans, alcohol is oxidized by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (other enzymes, such as catalase, are involved in this process) and converted into acetaldehyde. This process occurs mainly in the liver. And the effect of acetaldehyde on the body is extremely unfavorable and is usually accompanied by vomiting, dizziness.

More deeply, research by scientists from the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR helped. Using an electron microscope, they were able to see the affected nerve cells of the brain, find out the mechanism of diseases of the central nervous system caused by alcohol poisoning.

As you know, after drinking alcohol, a person not only loses the ability to think logically, but cannot even remember after sobering what happened to him yesterday. This effect has long been known to scientists; only its causes remained unclear. Studies at the molecular level explained this phenomenon.

Using an electron microscope, you can see that the capillaries of the brain are surrounded by intermediate cells - astrocytes, which are the link between the capillaries and nerve cells. When alcohol enters the bloodstream, dehydration begins in the capillaries. The outflow of fluid in astrocytes causes their swelling, which causes increased intracranial pressure. Hence the headaches the next day after taking alcohol.

Since the capillaries provide tissue with oxygen, their dehydration, which occurs during alcohol poisoning, causes hypoxia - oxygen starvation. As a result, a person has a blanching of the skin, there is a chill. Hop passes, and an alcoholic begins to torment thirst - a consequence of a hangover syndrome associated with blood dehydration. With chronic use of alcohol in the nerve cells of the body accumulates pigment, characteristic of senile age.

When it comes to the effect of alcohol on the internal organs, they first of all recall its toxic effect on the liver. Statistics, in particular, shows: in people who abuse alcohol, cirrhosis of the liver occurs 7 times more often than in non-drinkers.

No wonder the liver is called the main chemical laboratory of our body. During the day she misses about 720 liters of blood. Moreover, this process is far from mechanical: 300 billion liver cells - hepatocytes - tirelessly process chemical and biological "raw materials", transforming one substance into another. Here, in the cells of the liver, many toxic substances that are formed in the body or get into it from the outside are neutralized. Here the main chemical transformations of the constituent elements of food take place; processing of liver enzymes are all substances that are absorbed into the blood from the stomach and intestines.

Alcohol is no exception: the whole cycle of its chemical transformations is carried out with the participation of liver cellular enzymes. But the decay products of alcohol, which are formed during its oxidation, violate finely balanced metabolic processes occurring in hepatocytes: in particular, fat metabolism is grossly distorted.

By research it was possible to establish that even a single dose can lead to serious changes in the function of the liver cells. True, in a healthy organism, due to its high compensatory capabilities, these disorders are quickly eliminated. But the more often and more massive the attack of alcohol, the greater the number of hepatocytes involved in the pathological process. The first phase of alcohol damage to the liver begins - obesity.

In people who are addicted to alcohol, all structural components - cell organelles - are deformed, the cytoplasm is almost completely filled with fat, the nucleus is shifted to the periphery. The cage increases in size, but its useful, working area decreases. “Fat” hepatocytes are not able to perform their functions. If in the initial stages of liver damage an increased activity of alcohol dehydrogenase is observed - the main enzyme that decomposes alcohol, then its activity subsequently decreases, which is explained by the depletion of cells. In the liver, not only metabolic processes deteriorate, but its barrier function also suffers. Doctors have known cases in which the fatty degeneration of liver cells has caused sudden death.

However, pure liver obesity is very rare. As a rule, it is accompanied by inflammation of the liver tissue - it creates a favorable background for the development of alcoholic hepatitis. There are dull, painful, aching pains in the right hypochondrium, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, an aversion to food. At an early stage, when the inflammatory process has not gone too far, it is possible to achieve partial and sometimes complete normalization of the structure and function of the organ (the same applies to obesity equally). At the same time, the time factor plays an important role: the less “experience” of alcohol abuse, the more hope for a cure.

The main thing in the tactics of combating alcoholic hepatitis is the elimination of the root cause of the disease, which means a categorical rejection of alcohol, including wine and beer. If a person continues (even occasionally and gradually) to drink, the liver cells die without sustaining chronic alcohol intoxication. Cirrhosis of the liver develops. The place of dead cells is occupied by connective tissue, the liver is covered with scars.

Connective tissue cords deform the hepatic lobules, as a result, the architectonics of the vascular bed changes, the throughput of the liver decreases. The blood begins to stagnate in the blood vessels of the stomach, esophagus, intestines, pancreas; prerequisites for rupture of the walls of blood vessels and internal bleeding are created.

A liver struck with cirrhosis ceases to be “the most faithful guardian of the body” (the great Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov called the liver so). Its functional potential sharply decreases, which leads to various pathological changes in metabolism, digestion, and blood circulation, for these complex processes of the organism’s vital activity are directly dependent on the activity of the liver.

Studies show that in the defeat of the liver with cirrhosis, the protein metabolism is disturbed, which adversely affects the composition of the blood. At the same time, the body's defenses are reduced and its susceptibility to various diseases increases.

Suffering and carbohydrate metabolism, and therefore increases blood sugar levels, less glycogen is formed in the liver, it is difficult for the body to absorb carbohydrates.

It is known that the liver plays an important role in the regulation of blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems. In alcoholics, the imbalance of these systems is expressed in different ways: some easily bleed, others have thrombi, which leads to blockage of blood vessels.

Studies in recent years allow us to trace the direct link between the poor, but systematic drinks and liver damage. Numerous data show: fatty liver dystrophy breaks down on average after 5-10 years of alcohol abuse, cirrhosis - after 15-20 years. It is worth thinking about.

Alcohol begins to enter the blood within one to five minutes after it has been taken in and circulates through the bloodstream to a complete disintegration of five to seven hours. And all this time, the heart works in extremely adverse conditions.

As a result of the effect of alcohol on the vegetative nervous system, the pulse speeds up: instead of 70-80 beats per minute, as is usually the case, it normally reaches 100. At the same time, the strength and speed of cardiac muscle (myocardial) contraction decrease, since alcohol is a cardiac depressant - a substance that suppresses and depressing the activities of the body. The duration of each contraction (systole) increases due to the rest phase (diastole). And as you know, the moment of relaxation is extremely important: it is during this time that the energy necessary for the next heartbeat is accumulated. In this case, this does not happen: not having time to relax and accumulate energy, the myocardium is forced to resume work.

In practically healthy people, after a single drink of a strong alcoholic drink, the content of adrenaline and norepinephrine increases significantly in the blood. It is well known that the increased release into the bloodstream of these biologically active substances is characteristic of stressful situations, mental experiences. Under the influence of adrenaline and norepinephrine, cardiac muscle consumption of oxygen and nutrients increases dramatically. If the coronary vessels are able to provide increased blood flow to the myocardium, then there is no violation of the heart’s activity. However, the case takes a different turn when the possibilities of the arteries of the heart are limited by the disease (for example, atherosclerosis) and the necessary amount of blood cannot be delivered through them: there is a danger of acute coronary insufficiency. To provoke it, sometimes even a small amount of alcohol is enough, and this must always be remembered by people suffering from cardiovascular diseases.

(moderately, of course) although, as a rule, it does not end in disaster, but it does not pass without a trace. In an experiment on animals, it has been established that acute alcohol intoxication grossly distorts the metabolic processes in the elements of the cell nucleus - mitochondria. When intoxication is repeated several times, pathological changes in metabolism become stable and spread to other elements of the cell; the exchange of calcium, which is very important for muscle contraction, is disturbed, and the permeability of cell membranes increases. In the heart muscle, fats begin to accumulate, and protein stores are depleted. Myocardial cells die, resulting in the integrity of muscle fibers. For example, in monkeys that were regularly injected with alcohol, degenerative changes in the muscle fibers were detected within three months. And on the place of the dead active fibers connective tissue grows, which is not capable of contraction, which significantly reduces the functionality of the heart.

True, for some time, despite serious changes in the exchange-energy processes and muscle structure, the heart continues to work due to compensatory possibilities without noticeable violation of its main functions. However, its reserves are not unlimited, if the abuse of alcohol continues, the first symptoms of the disease appear.

Statistics show; people who abuse alcohol have certain diseases of the cardiovascular system 2.5 times more often than non-drinkers. The most common of these is alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which is characterized by pain in the heart area, tachycardia (rapid heartbeat. A person gets tired quickly, his performance decreases. Painful symptoms gradually increase. At first, the flabby, losing elasticity of the heart muscle (after all, a significant part of it is inoperative connective tissue) will stop to cope with the increased load: brisk walking, running, climbing the stairs cause shortness of breath. Then shortness of breath occurs with calm walking and, finally, with So heart failure develops gradually, heart rhythm disorders occur, including such formidable ones as atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, impaired impulses that call for myocardial contraction.

It has been proven that diseases of the cardiovascular C-theme in people who abuse alcohol, are much worse than those who do not drink. This primarily refers to coronary heart disease. Heart failure is often preceded by the consumption of alcoholic beverages. In addition, people who abuse alcohol, myocardial infarction differ depth and vastness.

An epidemiological survey of several thousand people around the city of Chicago over the course of several years has shown a link between alcohol use and the development of hypertension. For those who consume significant amounts of alcoholic drinks, the systolic pressure was 8.5 millimeters of mercury and the diastolic pressure was 4.7 millimeters higher than the average. Mortality from all causes among these individuals was 4 times higher than among moderately drunkards. and significantly higher - from cardiovascular diseases.

Alcohol also affects the cerebral vessels, as well as those mechanisms that are in charge of regulating their tone, adapting them to the various needs of the body. The results of many statistical studies show that brain vessels are affected 5–5 times more often by alcohol abusers than by non-drinkers.

In earlier than in healthy people, atherosclerosis of the cerebral vessels develops, and it proceeds more severely, malignantly, with gross mental disorders.

Currently, there is no doubt that alcohol is, as is now commonly believed, a risk factor for the development of a stroke. This is indicated, in particular, by the results of the so-called epidemiological studies, when it is taken under the supervision of the largest possible population in which there are no patients with vascular diseases of the brain by the beginning of the observation. And then for several years (5-10-20) each case of cerebral stroke is taken into account. By the end of the observation period, the incidence of diseases is compared for those who have had an exposure to the risk factor being studied (alcohol) and those who did not. These comparisons are then processed statistically to determine the accuracy of the differences obtained.

Such studies, in particular conducted by Japanese scientists, confirmed that there is a definite link between alcohol abuse and the development of stroke caused by cerebral haemorrhage. This dependence is also confirmed by the study of patients with stroke treated in inpatient conditions. The number of patients who abused alcohol, among all patients treated in the neurological departments for stroke, is from 20 to 80 percent.

Most often, alcoholics develop this disease either during intoxication or during the first hours and days after it. According to statistics, in 2/3 of the patients, the symptoms of a stroke appeared on the second day after acute intoxication. Such a frequency of stroke immediately after drinking is explained by the effect of alcohol and its decomposition products on the mechanisms of cerebral circulation regulation.

Drunkers are more likely to have a brain hemorrhage compared to non-drinkers, with repeated strokes.

Alcohol dramatically increases the permeability of the walls of blood vessels, which increases the risk of swelling of the brain; increases blood clotting, has a toxic effect on red blood cells, disrupting their participation in gas exchange. In addition, the intake of salty foods and spicy snacks following alcohol provokes the development of a hypertensive crisis.

Alcohol is especially harmful for children and adolescents. Its destructive power primarily affects the activity of the nervous system. Even small doses of alcohol disturb metabolism in the nervous tissue, accelerate the process of arousal pathologically, and moderate doses make it difficult. At the same time, the work of the cerebral vessels is disrupted, they expand, their permeability increases, which can later lead to stroke.

The nervous system of a young man is easily excitable. His brain vessels are comparatively wide, which is necessary for enhanced nutrition of growing cells. Alcohol is very quickly absorbed into the blood, and its effect on the developing brain is especially destructive.

The presence of alcohol in the brain can be detected even 20 days after drinking.

The repeated or frequent use of vodka or wine literally devastates the psyche of a teenager. At the same time, not only the development of higher forms of thinking, the development of ethical and moral categories and aesthetic concepts are delayed, but also the already developed abilities are lost. The teenager, as they say, “grows dull” both intellectually, emotionally and morally.

Alcohol has many “targets” in the body. Among them are the liver, the epithelium that lines the esophagus, the stomach. When alcohol is taken, the secretion and composition of gastric juice is disturbed, which, in turn, alters the digestive capacity of the stomach and causes various unpleasant phenomena.

Non-disruptive to alcohol and lungs. About 10 percent of the alcohol consumed is removed from the body through them. Very sensitive to alcohol and the heart of a growing person: his rhythm and frequency of contraction adversely change, and metabolic processes in the heart muscle are disturbed. Finally, the toxic effect of alcohol affects the blood: the activity of leukocytes decreases, which plays an important role in protecting the body, slows down the movement of red blood cells that carry oxygen to the tissues, and platelet function, which is of great importance for blood coagulation, changes pathologically.

Thus, alcohol is extremely detrimental to the human body during adolescence. It weakens, inhibits and inhibits the proper development and maturation of organs, systems, and often completely suppresses the development of certain functions.

Chronic alcohol abuse leads to changes in the bone tissue, similar to those observed in old people suffering from osteoporosis. These processes are the more intense, the greater the consumption of alcohol.

Omet that alcohol, inflaming passion, reduces male potency, wrote more Shakespeare. Ethyl alcohol acts directly on the male testicles, disrupting the production of testosterone: a more or less severe intoxication is sufficient to significantly reduce its amount. True, at first we are talking only about a temporary symptom: a day later everything comes back to normal. However, in the case of further consumption of alcohol of this kind, the violation becomes irreversible.

Numerous studies conducted by scientists in different countries show that, on average, every third male alcoholic develops sexual weakness, the number of biologically defective and immobile sperm cells increases dramatically (according to scientists, up to 70 percent). In the seminal glands undergoing chronic alcohol poisoning, painful changes occur, which over time can lead to a complete cessation of sperm production, impotence.

The optic nerve is the most important part of our eye. It transmits light stimuli from the peripheral parts of the visual apparatus to its central divisions. The fibers of this nerve are extremely sensitive to intoxication, lack of oxygen, etc. Under the influence of harmful factors, they atrophy, die, and, which is the most dangerous, are no longer capable of recovery — regeneration.

A frequent cause of severe changes in the optic nerve is systematic drunkenness. Most often this happens when using alcohol substitutes - surrogates: methyl alcohol, denatured alcohol, moonshine, polish, etc.

Methyl alcohol is particularly toxic. Once in the body, it does not oxidize completely, which is why an intermediate product, formic acid, is formed in the blood. Its accumulation in the body leads to impaired oxidative and metabolic processes in the central nervous system, retina and other organs.

Sensitivity to methyl alcohol is not the same for everyone. In some people, poisoning by this surrogate occurs after taking small doses (half a teaspoon) or even as a result of inhaling it.

What are the signs of methyl alcohol poisoning? In mild cases, headache, nausea, vomiting, dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, drowsiness, in more severe cases, an unconscious state and even death occur.

Vision disorders either occur immediately against the background of general methyl alcohol poisoning, or appear after some time - from several hours to one or two days. At the same time there is a sharp, rapidly progressive decrease in vision.

The further course of the disease is different. In mild cases, which are quite rare, vision improves within a month. More often, it is steadily decreasing or completely lost.

Similar changes on the part of the organ of vision are also noted after the use of denatured alcohol, polish, shoe varnish: after all, they also contain methyl alcohol.

Moonshine and vodka made by the “home method” are very dangerous for the optic nerve. And this notion of moonshine contains a large amount of poisonous fusel oils, and in “homemade” vodka, considerable quantities of methyl alcohol are often found to be detrimental to the body, in particular, to the optic nerve.

Atrophy of the optic nerve, a sharp decline in vision, or blindness - such is the tragic finale of alcohol poisoning.

The abuse of vodka, especially when combined with smoking, leads to the so-called alcohol-tobacco intoxication. And, as a rule, these factors act simultaneously. Their manifestations are basically the same: both eyes are always affected. The disease begins with a blurred vision, more noticeable during the day. In the future, color perception is disturbed, accommodation disorders sometimes occur - the ability to see from different distances, and visual impairment progresses due to the development of atrophy of the optic nerve.

Virtually no celebration, not only in Russia but throughout the world, is complete without the use of alcohol. Toasts with the wishes of good health to the hero of the occasion or to all the members of the feast are in some contradiction with the nature of alcohol. But, nevertheless, the festive mood, joy and happiness in our country are firmly linked with the bead glass. And it is precisely the psychological attitude and traditional influence that makes inherently dangerous alcohol a welcome guest of every holiday.

Alcohol is poison, or why it is called slow poison.

In official documents, ethyl alcohol is called a potent psychoactive substance that contributes to the occurrence of anxiety of the nervous system and can cause paralysis.

It is the ability of alcohol to stimulate the nervous system, and caused drinking drinking alcohol.

Alcohol action

The effect of alcohol as a poison on the body is generally toxic. When ethanol molecules hit the cell membranes of the body, their permeability changes. The change in the lipid factor prevents the potassium and magnesium ions from interacting correctly with the nutrients and water entering the cells, causing a general metabolic disorder. Lack of nutrients and water has a negative effect on the activity of the cells of the organs, which can cause a general disturbance of metabolic processes in the body.

Molecules of alcohol cause increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier. This allows toxins arising from the decay of alcohol to penetrate through the membranes of brain cells and disrupt their work. These substances include not only decomposition products of alcohols, but also fusel oils, sugars, dyes and flavors. In addition, water does not penetrate into the brain cells in the right amount, which causes an imbalance in the water-salt balance and causes a severe headache the next day. General dehydration cannot be eliminated even in case of increased water intake along with alcohol.

Interacting with the amino acids necessary for the construction of new body cells, ethyl alcohol isolates esters and blocks the synthesis of proteins.

In the cells of the liver, ethyl alcohol is converted to a highly toxic substance - acetaldehyde. The interaction of this substance with adrenaline and dopamine receptors of the brain can cause disorders in the psyche. The person may experience behavioral changes and hallucinations. This phenomenon, which at the initial stages of intoxication leads to feelings of pleasure and euphoria, may later lead to a disorder of consciousness, delirium, or psychotic disabilities.

Alcohol begins to poison the body at the moment when it enters the body. His full hit in the cells and tissues occurs one hour after ingestion. Alcohol reaches the highest concentration in brain cells. Even with very strong intoxication, only 10-15% can be excreted unchanged from the body. The rest of the ethyl alcohol will be involved in metabolic processes, destroying the body.

The most vulnerable, along with the nervous tissue and the brain are the gastrointestinal tract, as well as the liver and kidneys.

When ingested, alcohol does not pass the stage of digestion and does not dissolve in digestive juices. It is absorbed directly by the stomach wall, causing irritation and burns. The speed of intoxication depends on the rate of metabolism, that is, the absorption of alcohol by the wall of the stomach. That part, which still underwent dissolution of the gastric nipple, enters the small intestine, also irritating its wall. There, alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream and enters the liver through the bloodstream.

The rate of penetration of alcohol through the wall of the stomach is faster than through the small intestine. This is due to rapid intoxication after alcohol taken on an empty stomach. But no tricks will not be able to carry alcohol through the body without a significant part of it being perceived by the body.

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Regular intake of alcohol can cause irritation and swelling of the stomach wall. This can cause chronic gastritis and gastric or duodenal ulcers. Alcohol intake can disrupt intestinal motility, which can cause diarrhea.

Alcohol has a detrimental effect on the pancreas. She is very sensitive to ethyl alcohol. Regular consumption of alcohol leads to disruption of enzyme production and chronic pancreatitis. This disease is one of the first in the series significantly reducing the life expectancy of a person. Alcoholism can cause diabetes.

Ethyl alcohol has a huge impact on the work of the liver. The elimination of alcohol degradation products from the blood carries an additional excessive load on this organ. Neutralization of alcohol causes a violation of glucose production, which can lead to hypoglycemia and coma. In addition, there is a decrease in fatty acid oxidation. This causes the degeneration of the liver cells of the fatty type and provokes fatty liver dystrophy. Permanent injuries that cause the removal of large amounts of acetaldehyde leads to the formation of scar tissue, cirrhosis.

The penetration of alcohol into the blood causes agglutination of blood cells; as a result of the cohesion of red blood cells, the blood forms clots and its ability to carry oxygen decreases, which causes hypoxia of all organs and tissues. This is especially hard on the myocardium. Coronary artery disease is characteristic of all alcoholics. A decrease in myocardial contractility leads to a decrease in pressure, which leads to an increase in heart rate. Oxygen starvation along with increased stress carries the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

Regular intake of alcohol leads to a decrease in the production of white blood cells and granulocytes with low mobility. This is a strong blow to the immune system.

When excessive intake of alcohol, excitation of the CNS enters the inhibition of the cells of the nervous tissue, which can serve to oppress the cerebral cortex and respiratory center. This can be fatal.

Alcohol use - Russian tradition

It cannot be argued that drunkenness is a Russian tradition. At all times, drinking alcohol on holidays was moderate. In some cases, it was completely banned. Massive alcoholization of the population occurred in Russia mainly as a result of government reforms. We can recall two vivid periods of alcoholization of the population - during the reforms of Peter I and during the post-war government of the Communist Party of the USSR. The last outbreak of alcoholization of the population is associated with economic difficulties in the 90s. Impoverishment of the population and lack of confidence in the future served a significant rejuvenation of alcoholism. Recently, this wave is declining. There is a change in the amount of alcohol consumed depending on the region. In the northern regions of Russia, traditionally alcohol is consumed slightly more than in the southern regions or areas populated predominantly by Muslims. Recently, the regions where the Muslim population predominates are almost equal in terms of drinking alcohol with the rest of Russia.

Is alcohol more harmful than drugs?

Alcohol addiction, like drug addiction, are serious illnesses with social roots. Any psychoactive substances are caused by persistent physical and mental dependence and require systematic targeted treatment. It cannot be argued that alcohol is more harmful than drugs. All these substances cause the destruction of the body, harm the human psyche, and also lead to the emergence of a large number of crimes that arise as a result of the search for funds for the purchase of psychoactive substances or as a result of their reception.

Alcohol and drugs simplify the human psyche and serve the degradation of the individual. The criminalization of the communities leading the reception of certain psychoactive substances is at the highest level.

From the point of view of physiology, alcohol destroys internal organs faster, but among drug addicts, HIV, hepatitis and other deadly diseases are more common ..

It is known that the majority of holidays now do not do without the intake of alcoholic beverages, which have already become a symbol of any celebration. Many joyful and sad events in life are accompanied by the reception of this hot product. Today, alcohol takes a large number of people, and 2/3 of them believe that it does not harm health at all. However, it is not.

Since many people are accustomed to alcohol production and do not imagine the celebration of any event without it, this greatly undermines the human condition and also has a negative effect on his health. Doctors claim that alcohol is poison, which, though slowly but persistently, aggravates human health. It is worth noting that alcohol has a powerful negative effect on all systems and organs of people, so it is recommended to take it in a small dosage and not more than 3 times a week. Otherwise, addiction will develop, in which you will want to drink more and more.

As described in GOST, ethanol, present in every alcoholic drink, belongs to the group of potent narcotic drugs, which first cause the production of the hormone of happiness, and also increase the body's arousal, and then. It is important to note that any alcoholic product, regardless of its strength and method of manufacture, contains ethanol in its composition, therefore, taking alcohol, it can be argued that a person is engaged in drug addiction.

What action causes alcohol on the body?

It is known that alcohol is considered a poison for the body. First of all, its negative property is the interaction with lipids, which are part of the cells that make up each human organ. Getting into the cells, it breaks their insight, which ultimately does not give useful components, penetrating into the digestive tract along with food, to be normally absorbed (zinc, calcium, iron). As a result, a person suffers from a lack of vitamins and microelements, which adversely affects the work of the cells, and hence the organ itself.

Also, alcoholic beverages enhance the insight of other barriers, which leads to the ingress of harmful substances not only into the blood flow, but also organs. For example, it may be the brain, on which alcohol, toxic components and other substances have a detrimental effect. Therefore, with the constant intake of alcohol in an alcoholic develop dementia, memory loss and other problems with the brain.

Under the action of ethanol on the amino acids, with the help of which the body produces "construction" of protein, this composition forms ethers that are unnecessary for humans, blocking the production of this necessary element. Alcohol poison in this case has a strong destructive property, in which the body loses some of its beneficial components.

Because of its own structure, alcohols are able to interact with water, namely, to take it away from organs and tissues. This causes a number of irregularities, namely:

• dehydration;
• increased metabolism;
• severe thirst and dryness in the mouth;
• prostration;
• violation of the work of some organs related to the urinary system.

In this case, alcohol poison causes not only the symptoms of a hangover, but also more dangerous signs that indicate a health problem in a drunkard.

Another negative property on the body, caused by alcoholic beverages - stupefying. It appears due to the fact that the decomposition of ethanol in the liver leads to the formation of a toxic element called acetaldehyde. Immediately after it gets into the bloodstream of the alcoholic, psychotropic components are formed, which appears when acetaldehyde is active with hormones. Psychotropic (or, in other words, hallucinogenic) hormones, lead the human body into a state of intoxication, satisfaction or euphoria. As a result, this state leads to:

• the appearance of delusions;
• psychosis;
• stress and depression.

Therefore, such an alcoholic poison for human health should not be taken in large quantities, because the appearance of the above symptoms leads to the development of health-related diseases associated with the state of the brain.

It is important to note that the onset of poisoning begins at the moment when the alcoholic takes a dose of alcohol. Half an hour later, most of the ethanol will already be in the blood of a person, his tissues and organs. It is worth noting that most of all ethyl alcohol accumulates in the brain, a little less in the lungs and liver, and very little in the kidneys and spleen. In the "safe and sound" no more than 10% comes out of the body - the rest of the ethanol is eliminated through urine, sweat or breathing, while causing significant harm to the health of the alcoholic.

The effect of alcohol as a poison on the organs

Immediately after ingestion, ethanol has a negative effect on all tissues and organs. Most of all, this component affects the digestive tract organs, blood vessels and the heart, brain, as well as the central nervous system. This is explained as follows: when it enters the gastrointestinal tract, ethanol is quickly absorbed into the blood, after which it enters the heart and brain. That is why other organs are affected to a lesser extent, since their alcohol concentration is somewhat lower.

The effect of alcohol on the organs of the digestive tract

Alcoholic poison in the assimilation of the stomach does not require the production of gastric juice, since it enters the blood flow unchanged. At the same time, a small portion of it penetrates the liver.

Important: the speed of human intoxication depends on how quickly ethanol enters the blood.

It should be noted that alcohol is absorbed in the stomach a little longer than in the intestine. However, if a person takes alcohol on an empty stomach, in this case, the ethanol will fall into the blood flow even faster. The intake of strong drinks on a full stomach leads to the fact that alcoholic beverages will linger longer in the body, while having a negative effect on the health of the drinker.

Frequent consumption of alcohol products leads to edema on the mucous membrane, which causes the development of a mass of diseases. For example, it can be:

• gastritis;
• ulcers;
• duodenitis;
• mucosal atrophy;
• diarrhea.

The penetration of ethanol into the pancreas leads to the development of such an unpleasant pathology as pancreatitis. Disruption of the work of this body leads to a violation of insulin production, which threatens the development of diseases of the endocrine system.

Important: in the liver, alcohol turns into poison, which is dangerous to health, so a long intake of alcohol can severely undermine health.

The effect of alcohol on the heart and blood vessels

Getting into the bloodstream poisonous component, first of all, adversely affects blood cells, which leads to adhesion of red blood cells. This, in turn, leads to impaired blood formation, resulting in hypoxia (impaired oxygen supply).

Constant binges cause the following malfunctions:

• decrease in leukocyte production;
• slow response of the body systems to the production of new antibodies;
• low mobility of granulocytes.

This causes a dramatic change in the composition of blood flow, which leads to disruption of the functioning of the whole organism.

As ethanol penetrates the heart muscle, it significantly reduces its contractility, as well as lowers blood pressure and decreases pulse. This leads to an increased need of the heart for oxygen, which cannot be fully transported by blood.

Regular drinking of beer or other alcoholic beverages leads to the development of hypertension, heart failure, impaired blood circulation in the brain cavity, as well as the formation of blood clots, which represent a serious danger to human health.

The effect of alcohol on other organs

Alcohol has a particularly strong negative effect on the central nervous system cells, which leads to their rapid arousal. With frequent drinking of alcoholic beverages poisoning occurs, which leads to disruption of the integrity of the cerebral cortex (spinal, medulla and cerebral), as well as problems with breathing.

Getting into the male genitals alcohol, violates the production of sperm, which significantly increases the chance of having a child with pathologies and deformities. When penetrating into the mammary glands, alcohol causes defects in the growth and development of a child who feeds on breast milk. Also, strong drinks have a negative effect on female sex cells, which negatively affects conception.

However, the greatest harm to the health of an alcoholic poison is when the DNA of the cells is damaged, which causes the rapid formation of cancer tumors. It is important to note that the appearance of tumors is also possible with daily intake of a small dose of alcohol - no more than 30 ml.

Every person should remember that alcohol is a poison that slowly but effectively destroys a person and also causes the development of a large number of diseases. To avoid this, it is necessary to take alcohol in the optimal dose and not more than 3 times a week.

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